41. Author’s interview with Stewart Brand; video of the Mother of All Demos.

42. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 2734. John Markoff found the reports of the Les Earnest demonstration in the Stanford microfilm archives. Markoff’s book provides a good analysis of the distinction between augmented intellect and artificial intelligence.

43. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 2838.

44. Author’s interview with Alan Kay. Kay read sections of this book and made comments and corrections. This section also draws on Alan Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk,” ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Mar. 1993; Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning (Harper, 1999; locations refer to the Kindle edition), chapter 6.

45. Author’s interview with Alan Kay; Landau and Clegg, “Reflections by Fellow Pioneers,” in The Engelbart Hypothesis; Alan Kay talk, thirtieth-anniversary panel on the Mother of All Demos, Internet archive, https://archive.org/details/XD1902_1EngelbartsUnfinishedRev30AnnSes2. See also Paul Spinrad, “The Prophet of Menlo Park,” http://coe.berkeley.edu/news-center/publications/forefront/archive/copy_of_forefront-fall-2008/features/the-prophet-of-menlo-park-douglas-engelbart-carries-on-his-vision. After reading an early draft of this section, Kay clarified some of what he had said in earlier talks and interviews, and I modified a few of his quotes based on his suggestions.

46. Cathy Lazere, “Alan C. Kay: A Clear Romantic Vision,” 1994, http://www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall04/G22.2110-001/kaymini.pdf.

47. Author’s interview with Alan Kay. See also Alan Kay, “The Center of Why,” Kyoto Prize lecture, Nov. 11, 2004.

48. Author’s interview with Alan Kay; Ivan Sutherland, “Sketchpad,” PhD dissertation, MIT, 1963; Howard Rheingold, “Inventing the Future with Alan Kay,” The WELL, http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/Alan%20Kay.

49. Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 1895; author’s email exchange with Alan Kay.

50. Alan Kay talk, thirtieth-anniversary panel on the Mother of All Demos; Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk.”

51. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk.”

52. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk.” (Includes all quotes in preceding paragraphs.)

53. John McCarthy, “The Home Information Terminal—A 1970 View,” June 1, 2000, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/hoter2.pdf.

54. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 4535.

55. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 2381.

56. In addition to citations below and Hiltzik’s Dealers of Lightning and Kay’s “The Early History of Smalltalk” cited above, this section draws on Douglas Smith and Robert Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (Morrow, 1988) and author’s interviews with Alan Kay, Bob Taylor, and John Seeley Brown.

57. Charles P. Thacker, “Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware,” ACM Conference on History of Personal Workstations, 1986. See also Butler W. Lampson, “Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Software,” ACM Conference on History of Personal Workstations, 1986. Both papers, with the same title, can be accessed at http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/blampson/38-AltoSoftware/Abstract.html.

58. Linda Hill, Greg Brandeau, Emily Truelove, and Kent Linebeck, Collective Genius: The Art and Practice of Leading Innovation (Harvard Business Review Press, 2014); Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 2764; author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

59. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

60. Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 1973, 2405.

61. Stewart Brand, “Spacewar,” Rolling Stone, Dec. 7, 1972.

62. Alan Kay, “Microelectronics and the Personal Computer,” Scientific American, Sept. 1977.

63. Alan Kay, “A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages,” in Proceedings of the ACM Annual Conference, 1972. His typescript is at http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/Kay72a.pdf.

64. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk”; author’s interview with Alan Kay.

65. Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 3069.

66. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk”; Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 3102.

67. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk”; author’s interview with Alan Kay.

68. Kay, “The Early History of Smalltalk” (see section IV, “The First Real Smalltalk”); author’s interviews with Alan Kay and Bob Taylor; Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 3128; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 3940; Butler Lampson, “Why Alto?” Xerox interoffice memo, Dec. 19, 1972, http://www.digibarn.com/friends/butler-lampson/.

69. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor; Thacker, “Personal Distributed Computing.”

70. Engelbart Oral History, Stanford, interview 4, Apr. 1, 1987.

71. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

72. Alan Kay interview, conducted by Kate Kane, Perspectives on Business Innovation, May 2002.

73. Bob Taylor discussion, University of Texas, Sept. 17, 2009, conducted by John Markoff, http://transcriptvids.com/v/jvbGAPJSDJI.html.

74. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor; Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 4834.

75. Fred Moore’s tale is detailed in Levy’s Hackers and Markoff’s What the Dormouse Said.

76. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

77. Video of the Whole Earth Demise Party, http://mediaburn.org/video/aspects-of-demise-the-whole-earth-demise-party-2/; Levy, Hackers, 197; author’s interview with Stewart Brand; Stewart Brand, “Demise Party, etc.,” http://www.wholeearth.com/issue/1180/article/321/history.-.demise.party.etc.

78. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 3335.

79. In addition to the sources just cited, see Thomas Albright and Charles Moore, “The Last Twelve Hours of the Whole Earth,” Rolling Stone, July 8, 1971; Barry Lopez, “Whole Earth’s Suicide Party,” Washington Post, June 14, 1971.

80. Author’s interview with Bob Albrecht; Albrecht’s notes provided to me.

81. Archive of the People’s Computer Company and its related newsletters, http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/peoples-computer/.

82. Author’s interview with Bob Albrecht.

83. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein. This section is also based on a seventeen-chapter unpublished memoir Felsenstein wrote, which he provided to me; Felsenstein’s articles “Tom Swift Lives!” and “Convivial Design” in People’s Computer Company; his article “My Path through the Free Speech Movement and Beyond,” February 22, 2005, which he provided to me; the autobiographical essays he has posted at http://www.leefelsenstein.com/; Freiberger and Swaine, Fire in the Valley, 99–102; Levy, Hackers, 153 and passim; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 4375 and passim.

84. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

85. Author’s interview with Felsenstein; Lee Felsenstein, “Philadelphia 1945–1963,” http://www.leefelsenstein.com/?page_id=16; oral history of Lee Felsenstein, by Kip Crosby, May 7, 2008, Computer History Museum.

86. Felsenstein, “My Path through the Free Speech Movement and Beyond.”

87. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

88. Felsenstein, “My Path through the Free Speech Movement and Beyond.”

89. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein; Felsenstein unpublished memoir.

90. Felsenstein’s unpublished memoir, provided to me, has an entire chapter on the police radio incident.

91. Felsenstein, “My Path through the Free Speech Movement and Beyond.”

92. Lee Felsenstein, “Explorations in the Underground,” http://www.leefelsenstein.com/?page_id=50.

93. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

94. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein; Felsenstein’s unpublished memoir.

95. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

96. Levy, Hackers, 160.