HOW A GROUP OF HACKERS, GENIUSES, AND GEEKS CREATED THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
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CONTENTS
Illustrated Timeline
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Ada, Countess of Lovelace
CHAPTER 2
The Computer
CHAPTER 3
Programming
CHAPTER 4
The Transistor
CHAPTER 5
The Microchip
CHAPTER 6
Video Games
CHAPTER 7
The Internet
CHAPTER 8
The Personal Computer
CHAPTER 9
Software
CHAPTER 10
Online
CHAPTER 11
The Web
CHAPTER 12
Ada Forever
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Notes
Photo Credits
Index
1843
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _1.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_1.jpg)
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
1847
George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning.
1890
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _2.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_2.jpg)
The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines.
1931
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _3.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_3.jpg)
Vannevar Bush devises the Differential Analyzer, an analog electromechanical computer.
1935
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _4.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_4.jpg)
Tommy Flowers pioneers use of vacuum tubes as on-off switches in circuits.
1937
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _5.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_5.jpg)
Alan Turing publishes “On Computable Numbers,” describing a universal computer.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _6.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_6.jpg)
Claude Shannon describes how circuits of switches can perform tasks of Boolean algebra.
Bell Labs’ George Stibitz proposes a calculator using an electric circuit.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _7.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_7.jpg)
Howard Aiken proposes construction of large digital computer and discovers parts of Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _8.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_8.jpg)
John Vincent Atanasoff puts together concepts for an electronic computer during a long December night’s drive.
1938
William Hewlett and David Packard form company in Palo Alto garage.
1939
Atanasoff finishes model of electronic computer with mechanical storage drums.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _9.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_9.jpg)
Turing arrives at Bletchley Park to work on breaking German codes.
1941
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _10.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_10.jpg)
Konrad Zuse completes Z3, a fully functional electromechanical programmable digital computer.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _11.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_11.jpg)
John Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa, sees computer demonstrated.
1942
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _12.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_12.jpg)
Atanasoff completes partly working computer with three hundred vacuum tubes, leaves for Navy.
1943
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _13.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_13.jpg)
Colossus, a vacuum-tube computer to break German codes, is completed at Bletchley Park.
1944
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _14.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_14.jpg)
Harvard Mark I goes into operation.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _15.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_15.jpg)
John von Neumann goes to Penn to work on ENIAC.
1945
Von Neumann writes “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC” describing a stored-program computer.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _16.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_16.jpg)
Six women programmers of ENIAC are sent to Aberdeen for training.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _17.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_17.jpg)
Vannevar Bush publishes “As We May Think,” describing personal computer.
Bush publishes “Science, the Endless Frontier,” proposing government funding of academic and industrial research.
ENIAC is fully operational.
1947
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _18.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_18.jpg)
Transistor invented at Bell Labs.
1950
Turing publishes article describing a test for artificial intelligence.
1952
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _19.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_19.jpg)
Grace Hopper develops first computer compiler.
Von Neumann completes modern computer at the Institute for Advanced Study.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _20.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_20.jpg)
UNIVAC predicts Eisenhower election victory.
1954
Turing commits suicide.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _21.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_21.jpg)
Texas Instruments introduces silicon transistor and helps launch Regency radio.
1956
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _22.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_22.jpg)
Shockley Semiconductor founded.
First artificial intelligence conference.
1957
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _23.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_23.jpg)
Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and others form Fairchild Semiconductor.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _24.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_24.jpg)
Russia launches Sputnik.
1958
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) announced.
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _25.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_25.jpg)
Jack Kilby demonstrates integrated circuit, or microchip.
1959
Noyce and Fairchild colleagues independently invent microchip.
1960
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J. C. R. Licklider publishes “Man-Computer Symbiosis.”
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _27.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_27.jpg)
Paul Baran at RAND devises packet switching.
1961
President Kennedy proposes sending man to the moon.
1962
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MIT hackers create Spacewar game.
Licklider becomes founding director of ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office.
Doug Engelbart publishes “Augmenting Human Intellect.”
1963
Licklider proposes an “Intergalactic Computer Network.”
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _29.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_29.jpg)
Engelbart and Bill English invent the mouse.
1964
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Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters take bus trip across America.
1965
Ted Nelson publishes first article about “hypertext.”
![The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution _31.jpg](https://litlife.club/books/262797/read/images/_31.jpg)
Moore’s Law predicts microchips will double in power each year or so.