97. Ken Colstad and Efrem Lipkin, “Community Memory: A Public Information Network,” ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, Dec. 1975. For an archive of the Resource One Newsletter, see http://www.well.com/~szpak/cm/index.html.

98. Doug Schuler, “Community Networks: Building a New Participatory Medium,” Communications of the ACM, Jan. 1994. See also Community Memory flyer, on The WELL, http://www.well.com/~szpak/cm/cmflyer.html: “We have a powerful tool—a genie—at our disposal.”

99. R. U. Sirius and St. Jude, How to Mutate and Take Over the World (Ballantine, 1996); Betsy Isaacson, “St. Jude,” undergraduate thesis, Harvard University, 2012.

100. Lee Felsenstein, “Resource One/Community Memory,” http://www.leefelsenstein.com/?page_id=44.

101. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein; Felsenstein, “Resource One/Community Memory.”

102. Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality (Harper, 1973), 17.

103. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

104. Lee Felsenstein, “The Maker Movement—Looks Like Revolution to Me,” speech at Bay Area Maker Faire, May 18, 2013. See also Evgeny Morozov, “Making It,” New Yorker, Jan. 13, 2014.

105. Lee Felsenstein, “Tom Swift Terminal, or a Convivial Cybernetic Device,” http://www.leefelsenstein.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/TST_scan_150.pdf; Lee Felsenstein, “Social Media Technology,” http://www.leefelsenstein.com/?page_id=125.

106. Homebrew Computer Club newsletter #1, DigiBarn Computer Museum, http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_01/; Levy, Hackers, 167.

107. Lee Felsenstein’s comments on my crowdsourced first draft, Medium.com, Dec. 20, 2013. There is no evidence that any of Eisenhower’s personal pilots ever had a sex change.

108. This section draws from Ed Roberts interview, conducted by Art Salsberg, Modern Electronics, Oct. 1984; Ed Roberts interview, conducted by David Greelish, Historically Brewed magazine, 1995; Levy, Hackers, 186 and passim; Forrest M. Mims III, “The Altair Story: Early Days at MITS,” Creative Computing, Nov. 1984; Freiberger and Swaine, Fire in the Valley, 35 and passim.

109. Levy, Hackers, 186.

110. Mims, “The Altair Story.”

111. Levy, Hackers, 187.

112. Levy, Hackers, 187.

113. Les Solomon, “Solomon’s Memory,” Atari Archives, http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/solomons_memory.php; Levy, Hackers, 189 and passim; Mims, “The Altair Story.”

114. H. Edward Roberts and William Yates, “Altair 8800 Minicomputer,” Popular Electronics, Jan. 1975.

115. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

116. Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, “Crystal Fire,” IEEE SCS News, Spring 2007, adapted from Crystal Fire (Norton, 1977).

117. Author’s interviews with Lee Felsenstein, Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Bob Albrecht. This section also draws from the accounts of the Homebrew Computer Club origins in Wozniak, iWoz (Norton, 2006); Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 4493 and passim; Levy, Hackers, 201 and passim; Freiberger and Swaine, Fire in the Valley, 109 and passim; Steve Wozniak, “Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be,” http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php; the Homebrew archives exhibit at the Computer History Museum; the Homebrew newsletter archives, http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/; Bob Lash, “Memoir of a Homebrew Computer Club Member,” http://www.bambi.net/bob/homebrew.html.

118. Steve Dompier, “Music of a Sort,” Peoples Computer Company, May 1975. See also Freiberger and Swaine, Fire in the Valley, 129; Levy, Hackers, 204. For Dompier’s code, see http://kevindriscoll.org/projects/ccswg2012/fool_on_a_hill.html.

119. Bill Gates, “Software Contest Winners Announced,” Computer Notes, July 1975.

CHAPTER NINE: SOFTWARE

1. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Paul Allen, Idea Man (Portfolio, 2011, locations refer to the Kindle edition), 129. This section also draws from a formal interview in 2013 and other conversations I had with Bill Gates; the time I spent with him, his father, and colleagues for a Time cover story I wrote, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates,” Time, Jan. 13, 1997; emails from Bill Gates Sr.; Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews, Gates (Doubleday, 1993, locations refer to Kindle edition); James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (Wiley, 1992); Bill Gates oral history, conducted by Mark Dickison, Henry Ford Innovation Series, June 30, 2009; Bill Gates interview, conducted by David Allison, Smithsonian Institution, Apr. 1995; other nonpublic oral histories provided by Bill Gates.

2. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 38.

3. Allen, Idea Man, 1069.

4. Author’s interview with Bill Gates. See also Bill Gates oral history, Ford Innovation Series.

5. Isaacson, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates.”

6. Isaacson, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates.”

7. Author’s interview with Bill Gates Sr.

8. Manes and Andrews, Gates, 715.

9. Author’s interview with Bill Gates Sr. The law says: “A Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent.”

10. Manes and Andrews, Gates, 583, 659.

11. Author’s interview with Bill Gates Sr.

12. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 21.

13. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

14. Allen, Idea Man, 502.

15. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 25.

16. Allen, Idea Man, 511.

17. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 26.

18. Allen, Idea Man, 751.

19. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Isaacson, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates.”

20. Author’s interview with Bill Gates. (Also in other oral histories.)

21. Manes and Andrews, Gates, 924.

22. Author’s interviews with Bill Gates and Bill Gates Sr.

23. Author’s interview with Steve Russell.

24. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 31.

25. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

26. Allen, Idea Man, 616; author’s interviews with Steve Russell and Bill Gates.

27. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

28. Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley (Osborne, 1984), 21; author’s interview with Bill Gates; Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 35.

29. Allen, Idea Man, 719.

30. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 42.

31. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Isaacson, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates.”

32. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Bill Gates oral history with Larry Cohen and Brent Schlender, provided to me by Bill Gates.

33. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 43.

34. Author’s interviews with Bill Gates.

35. Allen, Idea Man, 811.

36. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 43.

37. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Allen, Idea Man, 101.

38. Author’s interview with Bill Gates; Allen, Idea Man, 849.

39. Allen, Idea Man, 860.

40. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 45; Manes and Andrews, Gates, 458.

41. Manes and Andrews, Gates, 1445; Allen, Idea Man, 917; author’s interview with Bill Gates.

42. Allen, Idea Man, 942.

43. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

44. Allen, Idea Man, 969.

45. Wallace and Erickson, Hard Drive, 55. An earlier version of this section was published in the Harvard Gazette, and the current version reflects comments and corrections made by Gates and others on it.

46. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.

47. Nicholas Josefowitz, “College Friends Remember Bill Gates,” Harvard Crimson, June 4, 2002.