110. David D. Clark, “A Cloudy Crystal Ball,” MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, July 1992, http://groups.csail.mit.edu/ana/People/DDC/future_ietf_92.pdf.

111. J. C. R. Licklider and Robert Taylor, “The Computer as a Communication Device,” Science and Technology, Apr. 1968.

CHAPTER EIGHT: THE PERSONAL COMPUTER

1. Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” Atlantic, July 1945.

2. Dave Ahl, who was at the meeting, said, “It fell to Ken Olsen to make a decision. I’ll never forget his fateful words, “I can’t see any reason that anyone would want a computer of his own.” John Anderson, “Dave Tells Ahl,” Creative Computing, Nov. 1984. For Olsen’s defense, see http://www.snopes.com/quotes/kenolsen.asp, but this piece does not address Ahl’s assertion that he made the statement when discussing with his staff whether a personal version of the PDP-8 should be developed.

3. In 1995, Stewart Brand wrote an essay for Time, which I had assigned, called “We Owe it All to the Hippies.” It stressed the role of the counterculture in the birth of the personal computer. This chapter also draws on five well-reported and insightful books about how the counterculture helped to shape the personal computer revolution: Steven Levy, Hackers (Anchor/Doubleday, 1984; locations refer to the twenty-fifth anniversary reissue, O’Reilly, 2010); Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley (Osborne, 1984); John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said (Viking, 2005, locations refer to the Kindle edition); Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture (University of Chicago, 2006); Theodore Roszak, From Satori to Silicon Valley (Don’t Call It Frisco Press, 1986).

4. Liza Loop post on my crowdsourced draft on Medium and email to me, 2013.

5. Lee Felsenstein post on my crowdsourced draft on Medium, 2013. See also, “More Than Just Digital Quilting,” Economist, Dec. 3, 2011; Victoria Sherrow, Huskings, Quiltings, and Barn Raisings: Work-Play Parties in Early America (Walker, 1992).

6. Posters and programs for the acid tests, in Phil Lesh, “The Acid Test Chronicles,” http://www.postertrip.com/public/5586.cfm; Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987), 251 and passim.

7. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 29, from Lewis Mumford, Myth of the Machine (Harcourt, Brace, 1967), 3.

8. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 165.

9. Charles Reich, The Greening of America (Random House, 1970), 5.

10. Author’s interview with Ken Goffman, aka R. U. Sirius; Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century (Grove, 1966), 22; Timothy Leary, Cyberpunks CyberFreedom (Ronin, 2008), 170.

11. First published in limited distribution by the Communication Company, San Francisco, 1967.

12. Brand’s story was in a March 1995 special issue of Time on “Cyberspace,” which was a sequel to a February 8, 1993, Time cover by Phil Elmer-Dewitt called “Cyberpunks” that also explored the countercultural influences surrounding the computer, online services such as The WELL, and the Internet.

13. This section is based on author’s interviews with Stewart Brand; Stewart Brand, “ ‘Whole Earth’ Origin,” 1976, http://sb.longnow.org/SB_homepage/WholeEarth_buton.html; Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said. Turner’s book is focused on Brand.

14. Author’s interview with Stewart Brand; Stewart Brand public comments on early draft of this chapter posted on Medium.com.

15. Stewart Brand, “Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death among the Computer Bums,” Rolling Stone, Dec. 7, 1972.

16. Stewart Brand comments on my crowdsourced draft on Medium; Stewart Brand interviews and emails with the author, 2013; poster and programs for the Trips Festival, http://www.postertrip.com/public/5577.cfm and http://www.lysergia.com/MerryPranksters/MerryPranksters_post.htm; Wolfe, Electric Kool-Aid Test, 259.

17. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 67.

18. Author’s interview with Stewart Brand; Brand, “ ‘Whole Earth’ Origin.”

19. Brand, “ ‘Whole Earth’ Origin”; author’s interview with Stewart Brand.

20. Whole Earth Catalog, Fall 1968, http://www.wholeearth.com/.

21. Author’s interview with Lee Felsenstein.

22. The best account of Engelbart is Thierry Bardini, Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Stanford, 2000). This section also draws on Douglas Engelbart oral history (four sessions), conducted by Judy Adams and Henry Lowood, Stanford, http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/ssvoral/engelbart/start1.html; Douglas Engelbart oral history, conducted by Jon Eklund, the Smithsonian Institution, May 4, 1994; Christina Engelbart, “A Lifetime Pursuit,” a biographical sketch written in 1986 by his daughter, http://www.dougengelbart.org/history/engelbart.html#10a; “Tribute to Doug Engelbart,” a series of reminiscences by colleagues and friends, http://tribute2doug.wordpress.com/; Douglas Engelbart interviews, in Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg, The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart (Next Press, 2009) and http://engelbartbookdialogues.wordpress.com/; The Doug Engelbart Archives (includes many videos and interviews), http://dougengelbart.org/library/engelbart-archives.html; Susan Barnes, “Douglas Carl Engelbart: Developing the Underlying Concepts for Contemporary Computing,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, July 1997; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 417; Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 110; Bardini, Bootstrapping, 138.

23. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 1, Dec. 19, 1986.

24. The Life excerpt, Sept. 10, 1945, was heavily illustrated with drawings of the proposed memex. (The issue also had aerial photographs of Hiroshima after the dropping of the atom bomb.)

25. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Smithsonian, 1994.

26. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 1, Dec. 19, 1986.

27. Landau and Clegg, The Engelbart Hypothesis.

28. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 1, Dec. 19, 1986.

29. The quote is from Nilo Lindgren, “Toward the Decentralized Intellectual Workshop,” Innovation, Sept. 1971, quoted in Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (MIT, 2000), 178. See also Steven Levy, Insanely Great (Viking, 1994), 36.

30. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 3, Mar. 4, 1987.

31. Douglas Engelbart, “Augmenting Human Intellect,” prepared for the director of Information Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Oct. 1962.

32. Douglas Engelbart to Vannevar Bush, May 24, 1962, MIT/Brown Vannevar Bush Symposium, archives, http://www.dougengelbart.org/events/vannevar-bush-symposium.html.

33. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 2, Jan. 14, 1987.

34. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

35. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 3, Mar. 4, 1987.

36. Landau and Clegg, “Engelbart on the Mouse and Keyset,” in The Engelbart Hypothesis; William English, Douglas Engelbart, and Melvyn Berman, “Display Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation,” IEEE Transactions on Human-Factors in Electronics, Mar. 1967.

37. Douglas Engelbart oral history, Stanford, interview 3, Mar. 4, 1987.

38. Landau and Clegg, “Mother of All Demos,” in The Engelbart Hypothesis.

39. The video of the “Mother of All Demos” can be viewed at http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html#complete. This section also draws from Landau and Clegg, “Mother of All Demos,” in The Engelbart Hypothesis.

40. Rheingold, Tools for Thought, 190.