16. Donovan, Replay, 439.

17. Eddie Adlum, quoted in Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games, 42.

18. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games, 45.

19. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

20. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

21. Author’s interview with Al Alcorn.

22. Donovan, Replay, 520.

23. Author’s interviews with Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn. This tale is told in much the same way in other sources, often with a few embellishments.

24. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

25. Nolan Bushnell talk to young entrepreneurs, Los Angeles, May 17, 2013.

26. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

27. Donovan, Replay, 664.

28. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

CHAPTER SEVEN: THE INTERNET

1. Sources for Vannevar Bush include Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the Action (Morrow, 1970); Pascal Zachary, Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century (MIT, 1999); “Yankee Scientist,” Time cover story, Apr. 3, 1944; Jerome Weisner, “Vannevar Bush: A Biographical Memoir,” National Academy of Sciences, 1979; James Nyce and Paul Kahn, editors, From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind’s Machine (Academic Press, 1992); Jennet Conant, Tuxedo Park (Simon & Schuster, 2002); Vannevar Bush oral history, American Institute of Physics, 1964.

2. Weisner, “Vannevar Bush.”

3. Zachary, Endless Frontier, 23.

4. Time, Apr. 3, 1944.

5. Time, Apr. 3, 1944.

6. Bush, Pieces of the Action, 41.

7. Weisner, “Vannevar Bush.”

8. Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier (National Science Foundation, July 1945), vii.

9. Bush, Science, 10.

10. Bush, Pieces of the Action, 65.

11. Joseph V. Kennedy, “The Sources and Uses of U.S. Science Funding,” The New Atlantis, Summer 2012.

12. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (Penguin, 2001), 470. Other sources for this section include author’s interviews with Tracy Licklider (son), Larry Roberts, and Bob Taylor; Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (Simon & Schuster, 1998); J. C. R. Licklider oral history, conducted by William Aspray and Arthur Norberg, Oct. 28, 1988, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota; J. C. R. Licklider interview, conducted by James Pelkey, “A History of Computer Communications,” June 28, 1988 (Pelkey’s material is only online, http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/index.html); Robert M. Fano, Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider 1915–1990, a Biographical Memoir (National Academies Press, 1998).

13. Licklider oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

14. Norbert Wiener, “A Scientist’s Dilemma in a Materialistic World” (1957), in Collected Works, vol. 4 (MIT, 1984), 709.

15. Author’s interview with Tracy Licklider.

16. Author’s interview with Tracy Licklider.

17. Waldrop, The Dream Machine, 237.

18. Bob Taylor, “In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider,” Aug. 7, 1990, Digital Equipment Corporation publication.

19. J. C. R. Licklider interview, conducted by John A. N. Lee and Robert Rosin, “The Project MAC Interviews,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Apr. 1992.

20. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

21. Licklider oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

22. J. C. R. Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Mar. 1960, http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/people/psz/Licklider.html.

23. David Walden and Raymond Nickerson, editors, A Culture of Innovation: Insider Accounts of Computing and Life at BBN (privately printed at the Harvard bookstore, 2011), see http://walden-family.com/bbn/.

24. Licklider oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

25. J. C. R. Licklider, Libraries of the Future (MIT, 1965), 53.

26. Licklider, Libraries of the Future, 4.

27. Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report (Harper, 1961), 415; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 17.

28. James Killian interview, “War and Peace,” WGBH, Apr. 18, 1986; James Killian, Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower (MIT, 1982), 20.

29. Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture (University of Chicago, 2006), 108.

30. Licklider oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

31. Licklider interview, conducted by James Pelkey; see also James Pelkey, “Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation,” http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/2/2.1-IntergalacticNetwork_1962-1964.html#_ftn1.

32. J. C. R. Licklider, “Memorandum for Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network,” ARPA, Apr. 23, 1963. See also J. C. R. Licklider and Welden Clark, “Online Man-Computer Communications,” Proceedings of AIEE-IRE, Spring 1962.

33. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

34. Author’s interview with Larry Roberts.

35. Bob Taylor oral history, Computer History Museum, 2008; author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

36. Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning (Harper, 1999; locations refer to the Kindle edition), 536. 530.

37. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

38. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

39. Robert Taylor oral history, Computer History Museum; author’s interview with Bob Taylor; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 86.

40. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 591, has the fullest description of this meeting. See also Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning, 1120; Kleinrock oral history, “How the Web Was Won,” Vanity Fair, July 2008.

41. Charles Herzfeld interview with Andreu Veà, “The Unknown History of the Internet,” 2010, http://www.computer.org/comphistory/pubs/2010-11-vea.pdf.

42. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

43. Author’s interview with Larry Roberts.

44. Author’s interview with Larry Roberts.

45. As with the tale of Herzfeld funding ARPANET after a twenty-minute meeting, this story of Taylor recruiting Roberts down to Washington has been oft-told. This version comes from author’s interviews with Taylor and Roberts; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 667; Stephen Segaller, Nerds 2.0.1 (TV Books, 1998), 47; Bob Taylor oral history, Computer History Museum; Larry Roberts, “The Arpanet and Computer Networks,” Proceedings of the ACM Conference on the History of Personal Workstations, Jan. 9, 1986.

46. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

47. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

48. Author’s interview with Larry Roberts.

49. Larry Roberts oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

50. Author’s interview with Bob Taylor.

51. Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (MIT, 1999), 1012; Larry Roberts oral history, Charles Babbage Institute.

52. Wes Clark oral history, conducted by Judy O’Neill, May 3, 1990, Charles Babbage Institute.

53. There are differing versions of this story, including some that say it was a taxi ride. Bob Taylor insists it was in a car he had rented. Author’s interviews with Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts; Robert Taylor oral history, conducted by Paul McJones, Oct. 2008, Computer History Museum; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 1054; Segaller, Nerds, 62.

54. Author’s interview with Vint Cerf.

55. Paul Baran, “On Distributed Computer Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems, Mar. 1964. This section on Baran draws on John Naughton, A Brief History of the Future (Overlook, 2000), chapter 6; Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 314 and passim; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 723, 1119.