66. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 1641.

67. Shurkin, Broken Genius, 3118.

68. Author’s interview with Gordon Moore.

69. Arnold Beckman oral history, conducted by Jeffrey L. Sturchio and Arnold Thackray, Chemical Heritage Foundation, July 23, 1985.

70. Gordon Moore and Jay Last interviews, “Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

71. Regis McKenna and Michael Malone interviews, “Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

72. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 1852; author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

73. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

74. Arthur Rock interview, “Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013; author’s interview and papers provided to me by Arthur Rock.

75. “Multifarious Sherman Fairchild,” Fortune, May 1960; “Yankee Tinkerer” (cover story on Sherman Fairchild), Time, July 25, 1960.

CHAPTER FIVE: THE MICROCHIP

1. In addition to the sources cited below, this section draws from Jack Kilby, “Turning Potentials into Realities,” Nobel Prize lecture, Dec. 8, 2000; Jack Kilby, “Invention of the Integrated Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, July 1976; T. R. Reid, The Chip (Simon & Schuster, 1984; locations refer to the Kindle edition).

2. Jack Kilby, biographical essay, Nobel Prize organization, 2000.

3. Reid, The Chip, 954.

4. Reid, The Chip, 921.

5. Reid, The Chip, 1138.

6. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 2386. The Fairchild notebooks are being preserved and are on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

7. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 2515.

8. Robert Noyce oral history, IEEE.

9. Reid, The Chip, 1336; Robert Noyce oral history, IEEE.

10. Robert Noyce journal entry, Jan. 23, 1959, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California. For a picture of the page, see http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-relics-of-st-bob/.

11. J. S. Kilby, “Capacitor for Miniature Electronic Circuits or the Like,” patent application US 3434015 A, Feb. 6, 1959; Reid, The Chip, 1464.

12. R. N. Noyce, “Semiconductor Device-and-Lead Structure,” patent application US 2981877 A, July 30, 1959; Reid, The Chip, 1440.

13. Reid, The Chip, 1611 and passim.

14. Noyce v. Kilby, U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, Nov. 6, 1969.

15. Reid, The Chip, 1648.

16. Jack Kilby oral history, conducted by Arthur L. Norberg, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, June 21, 1984.

17. Craig Matsumoto, “The Quiet Jack Kilby,” Valley Wonk column, Heavy Reading, June 23, 2005.

18. Reid, The Chip, 3755, 3775; Jack Kilby, Nobel Prize lecture, Dec. 8, 2000.

19. Paul Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing (MIT Press, 1998), 187.

20. Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing, chapter 6.

21. Reid, The Chip, 2363, 2443.

22. Robert Noyce, “Microelectronics,” Scientific American, Sept. 1977.

23. Gordon Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics, Apr. 1965.

24. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 3177.

25. Gordon Moore interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

26. Author’s interview with Gordon Moore.

27. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 3529.

28. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

29. John Wilson, The New Venturers (Addison-Wesley, 1985), chapter 2.

30. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock; David Kaplan, The Silicon Boys (Morrow, 1999), 165 and passim.

31. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

32. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

33. Malone, Intel Trinity, 4, 8.

34. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 4393.

35. Andrew Grove, Swimming Across (Grand Central, 2001), 2. This section is also based on author’s interviews and conversations with Grove over the years and on Joshua Ramo, “Man of the Year: A Survivor’s Tale,” Time, Dec. 29, 1997; Richard Tedlow, Andy Grove (Portfolio, 2006).

36. Tedlow, Andy Grove, 92.

37. Tedlow, Andy Grove, 96.

38. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 129.

39. Andrew Grove interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

40. Tedlow, Andy Grove, 74; Andy Grove oral history conducted by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock, July 14 and Sept. 1, 2004, Chemical Heritage Foundation.

41. Author’s interview with Arthur Rock.

42. Michael Malone interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

43. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 4400.

44. Ann Bowers interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

45. Ted Hoff interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

46. Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce.”

47. Malone, Intel Trinity, 115.

48. Author’s interview with Gordon Moore.

49. Malone, Intel Trinity, 130.

50. Ann Bowers interview, “American Experience”; author’s interview with Ann Bowers.

51. Reid, The Chip, 140; Malone, Holy Trinity, 148.

52. Ted Hoff interview, “American Experience: Silicon Valley,” PBS, 2013.

53. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 4329.

54. Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, 4720.

55. Don Hoefler, “Silicon Valley USA,” Electronic News, Jan. 11, 1971.

CHAPTER SIX: VIDEO GAMES

1. Steven Levy, Hackers (Anchor/Doubleday, 1984; locations refer to the twenty-fifth anniversary reissue, O’Reilly, 2010), 28. In this classic and influential book, which begins with a detailed account of MIT’s Tech Model Railroad Club, Levy describes a “hacker ethic” that includes the following: “Access to computers—and anything else which might teach you about the way the world works—should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On Imperative!” In addition to Levy’s book and specific sources cited below, sources for this chapter include author’s interviews with Steve Russell and Stewart Brand; Steve Russell oral history, conducted by Al Kossow, Aug. 9, 2008, Computer History Museum; J. Martin Graetz, “The Origin of Spacewar,” Creative Computing, Aug. 1981; Stewart Brand, “Spacewar,” Rolling Stone, Dec. 7, 1972.

2. Levy, Hackers, 7.

3. “Definition of Hackers,” website of the Tech Model Railroad Club, http://tmrc.mit.edu/hackers-ref.html.

4. Brand, “Spacewar.”

5. Graetz, “The Origin of Spacewar.”

6. Steve Russell oral history, Computer History Museum; Graetz, “The Origin of Spacewar.”

7. Author’s interview with Steve Russell.

8. Graetz, “The Origin of Spacewar.”

9. Brand, “Spacewar.”

10. Author’s interview with Steve Russell.

11. Sources for this section include author’s interviews with Nolan Bushnell, Al Alcorn, Steve Jobs (for previous book), and Steve Wozniak; Tristan Donovan, Replay: The Story of Video Games (Yellow Ant, 2010; locations refer to the Kindle edition); Steven Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokemon (Three Rivers, 2001); Scott Cohen, Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari (McGraw-Hill, 1984); Henry Lowood, “Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong,” IEEE Annals, July 2009; John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said (Viking, 2005, locations refer to the Kindle edition); Al Alcorn interview, Retro Gaming Roundup, May 2011; Al Alcorn interview, conducted by Cam Shea, IGN, Mar. 10, 2008.

12. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games, 12.

13. Author’s interview with Nolan Bushnell.

14. Nolan Bushnell talk to young entrepreneurs, Los Angeles, May 17, 2013 (author’s notes).

15. Donovan, Replay, 429.