bleak future for, following Edessa conquest, 195
‘crusader state’, 115
extended borders of, 151–2
Holy Lance’s purported role in Battle of, 83
John II’s suzerainty over, 171
long march to, 59
Louis VII reaches, 233
Manuel rides into, 255
in Muslim histories, 112
Nur al-Din’s offensive against, 239
patriarch of, 9
expelled, 117
punitive raids against, 281
rejuvenation of, 252
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Roger of Salerno takes power in, 153–4
Saladin’s 1188
attack on, 396
scholars gather in, 184
Siege of, first, 61–74
Siege of, second, and Battle of, 74–82
famine during, 76–7
Tancred takes command of, 137
Tancred takes up regency of, 120
Antiochus, 63
Apamea, 153, 157, 166, 240, 242, 243
Aqaba, 159, 279, 324–5
Gulf of, 324
Aqtay, 594, 606, 612
Aquitaine, 207, 257, 372, 376–7, 384
Arabia, 19, 160, 325
Arabian Peninsular, 18, 19, 281
Arabic numerals, 666
Arab–Israeli conflict, 677, 678
Aragon, 649
al-Arish, 306, 324
Armenia, 421, 541, 559, 614, 635
Armenians, 23, 60, 66, 104, 137
marriage between Greeks and, 177–8
Arnulf of Chocques, 87, 92, 103–4, 117, 127
patriarch designate of Jerusalem, 103
reinstatement of, 120
Arqa, 86, 87, 148, 150
Arsuf, 90, 116, 117, 123, 632, 633
Baldwin I finds safety in, 132–3
Battle of, 466–76
significance of, 474–6
Forest of, 466
Saladin orders demolition of, 423
Artah, 139, 141, 259
Battle of, 142
Arthur, King, 374
Artois, 447
Artuqids, 157, 237
Asad, Hafez, 678
Asadiyya, 276
Ascalon, 104, 105–6, 117, 120, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135, 236, 251–2, 268, 306–7, 393, 453, 501, 502
Richard I’s insistence on keeping, 511
Richard I’s plan to seize, 479
Richard I’s rebuilding of, 492, 496, 511
Saladin’s razing of, 477, 478, 480
submission of, 354
al-Ashraf, 540, 554, 561
al-Ashraf Khalil, 652–5
Ashtara, 344,
Ashur, Sa‘id, 677
Asia Minor, 16, 22, 26, 34, 47, 50, 55, 74, 112, 218, 219, 257, 339, 382, 420, 531, 614, 627
Baybars’ attack on, 645
Crusade of 1101
crosses, 107
First Crusade’s armies amass in, 52
First Crusade crosses, 56–61
Greek recapturing of, 27
Kilij Arslan II’s ambitions in, 317
in Muslim histories, 112
Second Crusade crosses, 216
western, 218, 305
Askanian Lake, 53, 55
Assassins, 2, 156, 241, 245, 294–6, 495, 645
atabegs, 135n
al-Atharib, 152, 165
Aubery Clements, 440
Augustus Caesar, 48, 670
Austria, 551
Ayas the Tall, 456
Ayn al-Daulah, 272, 274
Ayn Jalut, 327, 328
Battle of, 616–19
Ayyub ibn Shadi, 192, 230, 248, 275–6
Ayyubid dynasty/empire, 275, 339–40, 514, 647
conflict limited by, 611
decline of, 589, 622
intelligence system of, 416
post-Saladin fate of, 540–1
strategy of, in 1192, 499–501
al-Azimi, 28, 112
Baalbek, 192, 230, 246, 249, 292, 309, 619
al-Babayn, 270
Baghdad, 20, 26, 66, 112, 191, 321, 615
Great Seljuq Sultanate of, 22
relief force raised by, 72
Tughrul appointed sultan of, 21
Baghras, 170, 396
Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, 286–7, 396–7, 407, 408, 410, 414, 422, 431, 434, 439, 452–3, 485
during Richard I’s march from Acre and Battle of Arsuf, 464, 465, 466, 470, 471, 475
on Saladin’s final illness, 514
during Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 505, 506–7
Baldric of Bourgueil, 109, 110
Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne), 45–6, 52, 60–1, 69, 116–17, 118–36, 146, 148–9, 150–1, 154–6, 157, 575
Acre besieged by, 124
anointed first king of Jerusalem, 120
autocratic rule of, 174
Caesarea attacked by, 123–4
council of arbitration called by, 150
declared new ruler of Jerusalem, 119
fake death of, 133
Fatimid raiding party attacks, 122
flight of, from Ramla, 132
forceful governance displayed by, 126
general council convened by, 149
Genoese fleet and, 122–3
illness and death of, 160
last years of, 159–60, 162
Maudud and Tughtegin’s lightning assault on, 155
Sidon besieged by, 125
Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Bourcq), 119, 146–7, 149, 150–1, 158, 166, 172, 243
Antioch’s losses recouped by, 167
autocratic rule of, 174
Battle of Harran and, 138–9
captive, 139, 146, 167
count of Edessa, 138
daughters of, 173
death of, 168, 173
Jerusalem crown assumed by, 163
tax cuts by, 183
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 173, 243, 245–6, 247, 251–3, 254, 255
death of, 256–7
invasion of Nile region threatened by, 268
Theodora marries, 254
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 299–305, 306, 310–14, 318–19, 323, 368
choice of new heir to, 328–9
death of, 332
early reign of, 303–4
leprosy suffered by, 301–3, 326, 331
rift between Guy of Lusignan and, 329, 332
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 303, 328–9
death of, 342
Baldwin, archbishop of Caesarea, 124
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 372, 424
Baldwin of Carew, 472
Baldwin of Flanders (later Emperor), 527, 531–2
crowned sovereign of Romania, 530
Baldwin of Ibelin, 323, 342
Balearic Islands, 200
Balian of Ibelin, 350, 356–7, 358, 360, 361, 492, 512
Baltic, 197, 211, 212, 213, 533, 541
Livs of, 532
Banyas, 167, 193, 234, 253, 260, 270, 289, 290
siege of, 299
Barada River, 234
Baraka, 626, 646, 647
barid (postal system), 625
Barin, 193
Barons’ Crusade, 573–4, 580
Bartholomew, Peter, 77–8, 83–4
trial by fire of, 87
visionary ravings of, 86–7
Basel, 209
Basil of Ani, 422
Basilius, 174
Baybars, 2, 606, 612–13, 618, 620–39, 641–7, 665, 670
Antioch sacked by, 636–7
appointed commander, 619
becomes sultan, 621
illness and death of, 646
war against Franks by, 630–7
Beatrice of Edessa, 237
Beaufort, 397, 398
Beaulieu, Fulk’s monastery at, 12
Bedouins, 23
Beirut, 125, 319, 320, 354, 412, 416, 433, 448, 538, 649, 656
Jean of Ibelin awarded lordship of, 539
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Beit Nuba, 481, 488
Third Crusade’s first retreat from, 489–91, 499
Third Crusade’s second retreat from, 507–9
Belen Pass, 64
Belgium, 672
Belus Hills, 152, 163, 240, 243
Belus River, 404, 408, 461, 549
Belvoir, 396
Berengaria, Princess, 389, 390, 429, 435
Richard I marries, 429
Berke Khan, 574–5, 627
Bernard of Clairvaux, 168–9, 196, 200–1, 206–9, 212–4 passim, 215, 217, 368
Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, 138, 147
Berry, 377
Bertrand of Moncontour, 47
Bertrand of Toulouse, 148, 149–50
death of, 154
bestiality, 412
Bethlehem, 121
al-Kamil surrenders, 569
Church of the Nativity in, 120
Bethsan, 318–19, 326
Bible:
Commandments, 14
New Testament, 14, 110
Old Testament, 14–15, 110
Revelation, 111
Bilbais, 268, 270, 271–2
bin Laden, Osama, 668, 677, 679
Biqa valley, 304, 309
al-Bira, 628, 629, 631
Blachernae, Palace of, 50
Black Mountain, 187
Blanche of Castile, 578, 582, 607
Blondel, 516
Bohemond II of Antioch, 166, 167
Bohemond III of Antioch, 245, 256, 259, 323, 344–5
Nur al-din releases, 260
Saladin’s truce with, 322
surrender of, 259
Bohemond IV of Antioch, 539
Bohemond VI of Antioch, 616, 618, 635, 636, 642–3