Siberry, ‘Images of the crusades in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries’, pp. 366–8, 379–81; Riley-Smith, ‘Islam and the crusades in history and imagination’, pp. 151–2; J. Richard, ‘National feeling and the legacy of the crusades’, Palgrave Advances in the Crusades, ed. H. Nicholson (Basingstoke, 2005), pp. 204–22.

Siberry, ‘Images of the crusades in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries’, pp. 382–5.

E. Sivan, ‘Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades’, Asian and African Studies, vol. 8 (1972), p. 112; Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 590–92; Riley-Smith, ‘Islam and the crusades in history and imagination’, p. 155.

Sivan, ‘Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades’, pp. 112–13.

B. Lewis, ‘License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad’, Foreign Affairs (November/December 1998), p. 14.

Sivan, ‘Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades’, p. 114; Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 592–600.

E. Karsh, Islamic Imperialism (London, 2006), pp. 134–5; U. Bhatia, Forgetting Osama bin Munqidh, Remembering Osama bin Laden: The Crusades in Modern Muslim Memory (Singapore, 2008), pp. 39–40, 53.

Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 600–602; Bhatia, Forgetting Osama bin Munqidh, Remembering Osama bin Laden, pp. 23, 52–3.

SEARCHABLE TERMS

Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

(page numbers in italic type refer to maps)

Aachen, 550

Abaq, 246–7, 248

Abaqa, 639, 640, 643, 644, 648

Abd al-Ghani, 341

‘Abd al-Latif Hamza, 675

Abd al-Zahir, 623

Abdulhamid II, 674

al-Abiwardi, 113

Abraham, 18, 91, 250, 362

Abu Abdallah, 640

Abu Sulaiman Dawud, 301

Abu’l Fida, 651, 652, 653, 655, 656

Abu’l Haija the Fat, 276, 277, 410, 419, 425–6, 490, 500, 502, 506

Acre, 90, 117, 182, 221, 305, 318, 319, 393, 399, 450, 451, 538, 547–9, 576, 619, 633

as pilgrimage destination, 549

Baldwin I’s 1104

siege of, 124

book production in, 549

Cursed Tower at, 400, 438, 439, 654

Genoese sailors try to take control of, 492

Great Siege of, 398–420, 399, 422–8, 430–4, 436–46, 662 (see also Acre: Siege of)

battle for the sea during, 412–15

conclusion of, 441–3

crusaders’ strategy for, 437–9

definitive breach in, 440–1

effect of city’s fall after, 445–6

first battle in, 405–8

hiatus in, 410–13

inhabitants on edge of starvation during, 414

Latins’ hunger, illness and deaths during, 424–5

negotiation during, 441–3

Saladin–Richard diplomatic exchanges during, 434

struggle on land during, 415–16

walls rebuilt after, 456

independence declared by residents of, 572

James of Vitry elected new bishop of, 536

Latins begin openly fighting over, 492

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

new capital, 538, 547

Outremer’s leading centre for commerce, 547

reinforcements from, for Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 502

Richard I’s march from, 458–76, 461

Richard I’s massacre on plains of, 452–4

Saladin’s proposal to Conrad regarding, 487

Saladin’s winter rest in, 395–6

Siege and sack of 651–6 (see also Acre: Great Siege of) surrender of (1187), 354–5

surrender of (1191), 443, 450

Tower of Flies at, 401, 414

transformation of, into fleshpot, 460

Adalia, 220

Adela, countess of Blois, 107

Adelard of Bath, 184

Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy, 35, 39, 43, 56, 69, 76, 78, 81, 83–4

burial of, 84

death of, 82

al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 267, 273, 275, 277, 279

death of, 280

al-Adil ibn Ayyub, 276, 291, 298, 318, 324, 325, 328, 333–4, 338, 354, 394, 408, 425, 440, 462, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540–1, 552, 554

death of, 554

power in Damascus seized by, 540

Richard I’s communications with, 467, 483, 484–6, 511

Richard I’s suggestion of Joanne’s marriage to, 484–5, 487

series of truces agreed by, 541

truce document delivered to Richard I by, 512

Adrianople, 219, 382

al-Afdal (son of Saladin), 188, 297, 337–8, 344, 350–1, 394, 404, 414, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540, 554

al-Afdal, Egyptian vizier, 22, 71, 89–90, 94, 104–5, 125, 126, 128, 131, 135, 136, 267

Ascalon landing of, 104

Baldwin I’s deal with, 125

Jerusalem seized by, 89

Afghanistan, 668, 677

Afonso Henriques, king of Portugal, 212

Agnes of Courtenay, 237, 299, 304, 323

Aigues-Mortes, 581, 583, 640

Aimery of Limoges, 304–5

Aimery of Lusignan, 538

al-Akharini, 262

Albigensian Crusade, 532

Aleppo, 22, 66, 71, 114, 138, 139, 152–3, 157, 162, 165, 183, 191, 230, 231–2, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 288, 310, 345, 500, 540, 613, 618

Abaq agrees to renewed truce with, 247

Abaq declares loyalty to, 248

al-Afdal’s attempt to seize control of, 554

al-Zahir designated ruler of, 394

Baybars’ regional governor in, 622

court intrigue in, 317

Damascus forms new relationship with, 231

evacuation of, 648

failed expeditions against, 171

Great Mosque in, 230, 263

Mongols advance on, 616

non-Koranic taxes abolished in, 322

Nur al-Din made new emir of, 229

Nur al-Din strengthens fortifications of, 255

offensive by, 163–4

Qutuz takes control of, 620

readied for attack, 233

Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3

Saladin extends authority over, 339

Saladin occupies, 322

Saladin’s plan to extend authority over, 312

Saladin’s stalking of, 292–4

Zangi seizes power in, 190

Alexander the Great, 63, 266, 670

Alexandria, 9, 266–7, 271, 278, 298, 546, 592, 628, 657

Sicilian fleet attacks, 289

Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 34, 52, 54–6, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 82, 140, 218

ambitions of, 48–50

Bohemond’s crusade and, 143, 144

death of, 172

Alexius Angelus, Prince (later emperor of Byzantium), 529–30

Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 212–13

‘Ali, 19–20

‘Ali al-Harawi, 187

‘Ali ibn Wafa, 241

Alice of France, 376, 377, 380, 389–90

Alice, Princess (daughter of Baldwin II), 167–8

Allenby, General Edmund, 673–4, 679

Almería, 213

Alphonse-Jordan of Toulouse, 207

Alphonse of Poitiers, 580–1, 606

Altuntash of Bosra, 232

Amalfi, 7

Amalric, king of Jerusalem, 268, 270–3, 278, 279, 289, 301

illness and death of, 299

Amanus Mountains, 396

Ambroise, 468–9, 472, 473, 474, 491, 497, 503, 509

Anatolia, 22, 27, 74, 220, 281, 316, 420, 541, 645–6

Andrew of Brienne, 403, 407

Andrew of Chauvingny, 384, 432, 482, 510, 512

Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 317

Angevin dynasty, 369–70, 377, 378, 386

allegiances switched from, 383

Philip’s return from Third Crusade and, 448–9

Richard I of England ruler of, 383–4

Anjou, 4, 369, 372, 384

House of, see Angevin dynasty

Anna Comnena, 48, 52, 55, 143

Ansariyah Mountains, 257, 294, 396, 545, 641, 645

‘Ansbert’, 454

Antioch, 27, 49, 55, 65, 61–83, 84, 85–6, 90, 137–8, 139, 140, 145–6, 149, 150, 151–3, 157–8, 161, 163, 165, 166, 178, 254, 310, 320, 393, 538, 539, 548, 576

Baybars’ assault on, 636–7