Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119

Baldwin’s plight ignored by, 146

Battle of Artah and, 142

Battle of Harran and, 138–40

Cecilia betrothed to, 143

death of, 153

legacy of, 151–3

regency of Antioch taken up by, 120, 137

Tancred: or The New Crusade (Disraeli), 672

Tanis River, 560, 593, 594, 597–8, 599, 603

Taqi al-Din, 276, 278, 338–9, 344–5

death of, 500

at Great Siege of Acre, 404, 405

Tartars, see Mongols

Taticius, 54, 55, 56, 69

Taurus Mountains, 171n

Tell al-Ayyadiya, 404, 405, 407, 431, 452

Tell Bashir, 139, 141, 194, 237

Tell Danith, 159

Tell Kaisan (Toron of Saladin), 404, 415, 452

Templars (Order of the Temple of Solomon), 168–71, 187, 220, 307, 344, 353, 354, 386, 430, 463, 468, 489, 541–5, 560, 568, 572, 576, 595–6, 597, 598, 633–4, 649, 655

dissolved, 658

French crusading army joined by, 217

at Great Siege of Acre, 400, 406

at Jacob’s Ford, see Jacob’s Ford

political influence of, 170

popularising of, 169

supranational nature of, 170, 663

see also Hospitallers

Temple of Solomon, see Jerusalem: Aqsa mosque in

Temüjin, 613

Terre de Sueth (Black Lands), 136, 167, 252, 311, 318

Teutonic Knights, 541–5, 557, 568, 576, 595, 638, 658

Theobald V of Blois, 415, 420, 424

Theodora Comnena, wife of Baldwin III of Jerusalem, 254

Thibaut III of Champagne, 527, 528

Thibaut IV of Champagne, 573

Thierry of Flanders, 207, 254, 305

Third Crusade, 367–74, 378–83, 384–90, 392, 397, 398, 400–515, 662

Acre, Great Siege of, is first full-scale battle of, 405

advance on Jerusalem by (first), 480–2, 481, 488–9

advance on Jerusalem by (second), 502–4

and indecision, 502–3

councils convened on future of, 489, 494

factions and disputes threaten, 436

fate of Germans in, 420–2

Franks’ argument over strategy and leadership during, 504

Franks’ unquestioned maritime supremacy during, 445

Jaffa stalling of, 480

kings delay departure to, 382–3, 384–5

kings’ journey to, 388–90, 429

outcome of, 153–15

preaching of, 368–74

preparations and finances for, logistics of, 385–8

prostitutes’ arrival during, 411, 480

regrouping by, 492–3

religious ideology underpins, 479

retreats from Jerusalem by, see Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from

Richard I arrives at, 428–9

Richard I’s elaborate negotiations with

Saladin during, 482–8

Richard I’s freedom to lead, 456

tax (Saladin Tithe) associated with, 385–6

three-year truce after, 512

transport ships used during, 459

turns back from Jerusalem, see Beit

Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from

winter’s effects on, 488

see also Richard I; Saladin

Thoros (of Edessa), 60–1

Thoros (son of Leon I), 252, 259

Tiberias, 117, 121, 126–7, 260, 313, 344, 346–8 passim

capitulation of, 354

Raymond welcomes Muslim troops into, 343

Saladin orders dismantling of walls of, 423

Tigris River, 20, 157, 333, 405

Toledo, 27, 152

Toron of Saladin (Tell Kaisan), 404, 415, 452

Tortosa, 147, 150, 213, 649, 656

Toulouse, 377, 383

Tours, 383, 388

Tower of the Chain (Damietta), 552

Tower of the King (Acre), 654

Transjordan, 159, 167, 281, 282, 318, 344, 393, 618, 625

strategic, political and economic significance of, for Ayyubid realm, 330

Trapesac, 396

Treaty of Devol, 145

trebuchets, see siege engines, projectile-launching

Tripoli, 86, 113, 147–50, 161, 257, 319, 393, 538, 539, 573, 635–6, 644, 649

Baybars’ assault on, 642–3

‘crusader state’, 115

Mamluks storm, 650–1

punitive raids against, 281

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Saladin’s 1188 attack on, 396

troubadours, 372–3, 376

Troyes, 168

Tughrul Beg, 21, 22

Tughtegin of Damascus, 135–6, 154–6, 157, 165–6

Assassins find ally in, 156

death of, 190

Tunis, 640

Turan, 348

Turan-Shah, 276, 277, 298, 304, 308–10

Turcoman dynasty, 157

Turcopoles, 163, 345

Turks, 21, 23, 26, 34, 36, 55, 89, 411–12

Kipchak, 590, 614, 627, 629

Seljuq, 21–2, 23, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 75, 89, 107, 220, 230, 256, 541, 554, 614

Antioch recovered by, 27

at Battle of Dorylaeum, 57–9

at Battle of Manzikert, 27

war tactics of, 24

Tutush, 22

Twain, Mark, 672

Tyre, 90, 125, 172, 179, 182, 393, 398, 410, 412, 435, 436, 445, 448, 495, 633, 649, 656

Frederick Barbarossa’s bones buried in, 421

Hugh of Burgundy tries to seize control of, 496

refugee Latins take refuge in, 355

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Richard I refused entry into, 430

Saladin’s 1187

siege and attack on, 394–5

Saladin leaves untouched, 355–6

Umar, 362, 363

Unur of Damascus, 187, 192–3, 230, 231–2, 234, 235, 236, 239

death of, 244

Urban II, Pope, 11, 33–41, 42–3, 200, 288, 659

Alexius requests aid of, 49

Alexius’s appeal to, 34

becomes pope, 34

Clermont sermon of, 33, 35–9, 110, 198, 202, 203, 205

death of, 107

First Crusade instigated by, 10, 33–9

Gregory VII compared with, 16

preaching tour of, 35

Urban III, Pope, 367

urbanisation, 7

Usama ibn Munqidh, 179–80, 184, 187

Uthman (son of Saladin), 338, 540 ‘Uthman (caliph), 234

Venetian crusade, 199, 659

Venice, 7, 182, 541, 547, 649, 666

commercial powerhouse of Frankish Levant, 172n

Fourth Crusade envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531

Vézelay, 202, 206–8, 388

Virgin Mary, 18, 49, 187

Virtues of Jihad, The (Baha al-Din), 397

Viterbo, 201

Voltaire, 670

Wales, 372

al-Walid, Umayyad caliph, 250

War of St Sabas, 627

warhorses, 13n, 59

‘weighing of souls’, 11

Welf of Bavaria, 209

Welf dynasty, 198

Wends, 212, 213

Wibald of Corvey and Stavelot, Abbot, 213

Wilhelm II of Germany, 673, 674, 675

William I of England (the Conqueror), 46

William II of England (Rufus), 46

William II of Sicily, 371, 389

William of Aquitaine, 131

William of Beaujeu, 650, 653, 654

William Jordan, 148, 149

death of, 150

William of L’Estang, 478, 510

William of Longchamp, 385

exile of, 493–4

Saladin Tithe, 385–6

William Marshall, 384

William of Montferrat, 303, 393, 528

William of Salisbury (‘Longsword’), 580, 596, 597

William of Tyre, 195, 221, 229, 236, 257, 268, 271, 294, 300, 312, 320, 326, 328–9, 335

archbishop of Tyre, 303

chancellor of kingdom of Jerusalem, 195n

World Islamic Front, 668

Yaghi Siyan, 66, 67, 70

flight, capture and decapitation of, 73

weakening resistance of, 72

Yarmuk River, 136

Yasur, 482, 488

Yusuf ibn Ayyub, see Saladin

al-Zahir, 338, 394, 500, 512, 513, 540

Zangi, 1, 190–5, 205, 211, 225–9, 231, 240, 246, 263, 287

assassination of, 228

Baghdad’s honour for, 227

Edessa conquered by, 194–5, 225–7

honorific titles assumed by, 227–8

Syrian power balance reshaped by death of, 234

Zangid dynasty, 225, 227, 234, 238, 239, 248, 249–50, 320, 321, 514, 647

Zara, 528