Iberia, 8, 12, 20, 27, 43, 152, 197, 200, 211, 212, 213, 541, 663

Ibn al-‘Arabi, 28

Ibn al-Athir, 102, 112, 238, 260, 282, 287, 335–6, 341, 355–6, 363, 395, 409, 486, 490–1, 515

Ibn al-Khayyat, 113

Ibn al-Muqaddam, 289, 290–1, 292, 294, 309–10

Ibn al-Qalanisi, 112

Ibn al-Qaysarani, 226, 237, 262

Ibn al-Zaki, 362–3

Ibn ‘Asakir, 262

Ibn Jubayr, 181–2, 250, 262, 330–1

Ibn Qudama, 341

Iftikhar ad-Daulah, 94, 95, 98, 102

Il-ghazi of Mardin, 157, 163, 164, 165, 240, 242, 243

death, 167

tolls abolished by, 183

Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, 261–2, 263, 286, 290, 297–8, 308, 309, 333, 334, 352, 353, 358–61 passim, 362, 392, 397, 403, 411, 426

truce document penned by, 512

Imad al-Din Zangi, 289, 318, 320, 321–2, 333, 334, 499

In Praise of the New Knighthood (Bernard of Clairvaux), 169

Inab, Battle of, 239–44, 245, 368

Innocent II, Pope, 200

Innocent III, Pope, 521–6, 528, 531–5, 541, 550–1, 552, 554, 659, 662

Albigensian Crusade launched by, 532

death of, 535, 536, 551

Fifth Crusade proclaimed by, 533

Fourth Crusaders ignore

Constantinople prohibition of, 531

management and operation of holy war refined by, 523–4

new (Fourth) crusade envisaged by, 524

Innocent IV, Pope, 577 new crusade proclaimed by, 577

Iran, 19, 20, 22, 191, 614, 615

Iraq, 1, 19, 20, 22, 114, 154, 181, 191, 193, 228, 244, 248, 258

see also Baghdad; Mesopotamia

Isa (jurist and imam), 274, 332, 338

death of, 411

Isa (swimmer), 417

Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 382, 393, 529

Isaac Comnenus, 429–30

Isabella II, queen of Jerusalem, 539, 565, 567–8

Isabella of Jerusalem, 301, 328, 342, 435–6, 493, 538

Henry marries, 496

Islam:

Abbasid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 623

fragmentation of, 27

Almoravids among, 27

appetite for conquest demonstrated by, 18–19

bifurcated world as described by, 25

Burid dynasty within, 190, 192, 236, 246–8

Byzantium’s quarrelsome respect for, 27

caliphs in, 18, 20

‘Rightly Guided’, 19

Christian Europe and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9

coexistence of Christians and followers of, see Outremer: life in

continued unabated commerce between Christendom and, 331

‘Crusader–Zionist’ alliance against, 676, 677

crusades profoundly affected by disarray within, 22

early history of, 17–20

emergence of Shi‘ia sect of, 20

Fatimid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 23, 56, 71, 266

fragmentation of world of, 20–3

Isma‘ili Order within, 156, 645

Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91

jihad cause reawakened in, 1

Koran’s explicit demand for spread of, 18

little post-Crusade response from, 225

modern parallelism and, 675–7

modern, and shadow of Crusades, 674–5

Near Eastern, Sunni–Shi‘ite schism sunders, 71

Nizari sect within, 156

punishments for sex between Christians and followers of, 178

religious and political divisions in, 19–21

Saladin’s scattered authority over, 339

Second Crusade countered by, 232–7

Shi‘ia sect contests Sunni authority within, 20

spreading influence of, 19

style and practice of warfare by, 23–4

‘submission’ definition of, 18

turbulent disarray of Sunni version of, 22

Turks’ coming transforms, 21

Umayyad dynasty within, 19, 230

coup ends rule of, 20

Urban’s demonising characterisation of, 36–8

Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33

warfare and jihad, late 11th century, 23–6

Ismail of Damascus, 574, 575

Ismat (Saladin’s wife), 231, 296–7

death of, 297n

Israel, 675, 676, 678

Istanbul, see Constantinople

Italy, 6, 8, 143, 144, 183, 206, 208, 369, 381, 555, 651–2

Bohemond’s rapturous arrival in, 143

crusader envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531

fighting aristocracy of, 43

mercantile fleet of, 7, 172

Norman Sicilian aggression in, 208

Normans of, 45, 57, 70, 215–16

northern, Frederick I and, 369, 381

polities in, 7

seaborne merchants of, 7

southern, Gregory IX’s invasion of, 571

southern, Norman conquest of, 44

southern, seizure of by Muslims, 8

see also Rome

Ivanhoe (Scott), 671

Izz al-Din, 317, 320, 321, 332, 333, 334, 397

Jabala, 179, 396

Jackson, David, 335

Jacob’s Ford (House of Sorrow), 311–15

Jacobites, 104

Jaffa, 95, 117, 121, 128–9, 131, 132, 354, 393, 457, 479–80, 488, 538, 569, 631, 635

Baldwin I’s flight to, 133

crusaders’ rebuilding of, 480

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Richard I arrives at, 476, 479

Saladin orders demolition of, 423, 476

Saladin’s strike force against, 510–11

Third Crusade stalls at, 480

war council at, 479

James II of Aragon, 651, 652

James of Avesnes, 385, 403, 407, 417, 418, 472

death of, 474

James of Vitry, 534, 536, 538, 545, 551–2, 556, 559

Damietta’s Muslim children baptised by, 558

Jazira, 258, 281, 320, 321, 322, 499, 500

al-Afdal’s exile in, 540

al-Ashraf installed as regional emir in, 540

Jazirat, 423

Jazr, 152, 165

Jean of Ibelin, 538–9, 568, 572

Jericho, 127

Jerusalem, 93

al-‘Arabi’s description of, 28

al-Afdal (vizier) seizes, from Turks, 89

Aqsa mosque (Temple of Solomon) in, 91, 101, 111, 180, 187, 262, 362, 506–7, 570, 624

Baldwin of Boulogne declared new ruler of, 119

Calvary chapel in, 185–6

capture of (638 ce), 19

Church of Our Lord (Templum Domini) in, 362

Damascus Gate in, 92, 97, 375

dangerous undermanning in, 490

delegations of Third Crusaders fulfil pilgrim vows at, 512

devotional importance accorded to, in Middle Ages, 676

Dome of the Rock in, 91, 112, 187, 362, 570, 624

Fatimids conquer, 21

First Crusade advances on and besieges, 89–96

first direct assault, 94

First Crusade’s assault on, 96–103, 111

aftermath of, 103–7

recorded casualties in, 102

return to Europe after, 106–7

Franks re-establish presence in, 572

Frederick II enters, 570

Frederick II’s recovery of, 569

Godfrey’s death and, 118

Holy Sepulchre in, see main entry

Hospital of St John in, 169, 185

Hospitallers formed in, 169 (see also main entry)

Islam’s early dominion over, 17

al-Kamil surrenders, 569

Khwarizmians attack, 574–6

limited political, economic and strategic value of, 540

Louis IX offers to exchange Damietta for, 602

military orders formed in, see Hospitallers; Templars

most revered focus of pilgrimage, 13

Mount of Olives in, 91

in Muslim histories, 112

Notre-Dame de Josaphat monastery near, 187

Nur al-din’s ornate pulpit in, 262–3, 363

Old City within, 91

Order of the Temple of Solomon (Templars) formed in, 168 (see also Templars)

patriarch of, 9

plunder amassed in, after First Crusade, 106

Quadrangular Tower in, 92, 97

reconquered from Fatimids, 22

ritual purification as prelude to taking of, 96

St Anne’s convent in, 187

Saladin’s 1187

conquest of, see Jerusalem, Kingdom of: Saladin’s 1187 conquest of

Saladin’s 1187 entry into, 357, 361

Saladin’s belief in sanctity of, 515

Temple Mount (Haram as-Sharif) in, 91, 101, 362, 569, 676

Third Crusade’s first advance on, 480–2, 481, 488–9

Third Crusade’s second advance on, 502–3

indecision during, 502–3

Third Crusade turns back from, see Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from