tales of eastern Christian repressions in, 28

unconquered bulk of, 121

see also Baldwin of Boulogne (later Baldwin I); Battles of Ramla

papacy:

anti-popes and, 198

crusading strengthens authority of, 668

establishment of, 9

military arm perceived needed by, 16

role of, as Christendom’s protector, 10

upheavals hamper crusading ability of, 198

Paris, 198, 217, 372, 387

Sainte-Chapelle in, 579

Paschal II, Pope, 107, 143, 144

Pelagius, cardinal-bishop of Albarno, 555, 556, 557–8, 559–60, 561, 562, 571, 592

‘People’s Crusade’, 41, 48, 52

Persians, 21, 23, 227, 264, 288, 392

Ilkhanate, 627, 628, 648

Peter Desiderius, 95

Peter the Hermit, 41, 69, 106

Peter Tudebode, 109

Philip II Augustus of France, 323, 367, 369, 378, 379, 380, 382–90, 446–9, 496–7, 516, 526, 578

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Guy–Conrad feud and, 436

John of England’s alliance with, 497, 502

journey to Holy Land by, 388–90, 429

report of death of, 483

Richard I and, rivalry or unity between? 434–6

Richard I’s changed relationship with, 384

Richard I’s disputes with, 377–8

small war chest of, 387

Third Crusade quit by, 449

see also Third Crusade

Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, 403, 495

Philip of Flanders, Count, 305–6, 431, 447

Philip of Nevers, 447

Philippopolis, 219, 382

Piacenza, 34

pilgrimage, 13

Pilgrims’ Castle, 545n, 638, 656

Pisa, 7, 182, 298, 436, 541, 547, 649, 666

naval support from, 117, 394, 401, 402

Poitiers, 19

Poitou, 323

Poland, 615

Pons, count of Tripoli, 154, 155, 157

Portugal, 27, 212

Prester John, 614

Punch, 673

al-Qaeda, 668, 677, 679

Qalat Ja‘bar, 228

Qalawun, 613, 621, 632, 633, 644–5, 647–8, 650–1, 652, 665

becomes sultan, 647

death of, 652

Qara Arslan of Hisn Kaifa, 193–4

Qaragush, 276, 277, 318, 338, 396, 410, 416, 418, 419, 426, 440, 441, 444

heavy weapons of, 417

letter smuggled by, 414

Qaraqorum, 615

Qutb al-Din Maudud, 245

Qutb, Sayyid, 679

Qutuz, 612, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622

Ralph of Caen, 140

Ramla, 90, 121, 307, 354, 478, 482, 487, 488, 491, 634

Battles of, 128–34, 166

Ranulf of Glanville, 420

Rashid al-Din Sinan, 294–6, 495, 496

Raymond II of Tripoli, 245

Raymond III of Tripoli, 245, 259, 260, 302, 303–4, 304, 306, 323, 324, 328, 329, 332, 342–3, 368

appointed regent, 331

death of, 393, 539

Guy reconciled with, 344

Muslim troops welcomed into Tiberias by, 343

release of, 302

Saladin’s 1187 invasion of Palestine and, see Palestine: Saladin’s 1187 offensive against

seeks protection from Saladin, 342–3

surrender of, 259

Raymond of Aguilers, 77, 81, 109, 111

Raymond of Le Puy, 169

Raymond of Poitiers (later of Antioch), 173, 194, 219, 233, 239

death of, 242, 244, 245, 368

Eleanor and, 233

Inab and, 240–2

Louis VII rejects scheme of, 233

Raymond of Toulouse, 35, 39, 43–4, 46, 52, 57, 63, 69, 70, 73, 82–6 passim, 87–8, 96–7, 98–9, 100, 103, 104, 105, 147–8, 149, 662

Alexius renews alliance with, 107

groundswell of support for, 86

humiliating retreat of, 99

Iftikhar ad-Daulah negotiates release with, 102

Summaq campaigns let by, 84

waning popularity of, 92

Reconquista, 663

Red Sea, 159, 324

Reform movement, 10, 11, 16, 45

Reformation, 670

Regensburg, 218, 382

relics:

Apostles’ bones, 49

Crown of Thorns, 49, 530, 578

Holy Lance, 77–8, 83–4, 86–7, 104, 106, 111

Bartholomew’s trial by fire casts doubt on efficacy of, 87

Kerbogha said to have been paralysed by, 81

Raymond of Toulouse becomes supporter of, 83

John the Baptist, 49, 106, 530

True Cross, 104, 106, 120–1, 129, 134, 158, 162, 163, 164, 307, 345, 443, 451, 557

capture of, 351, 352, 371, 373

Richard I’s failure to recapture, 512, 513, 519

Virgin Mary’s hair, 49

Reynald of Châtillon, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 304–5, 307, 318, 328, 331, 350

Red Sea campaign launched by, 324–5

capture of, 256

figure of hate in Islam, 326

Muslim caravan attacked by, 343

release of, 304

Saladin’s audience with, 351–2

Saladin beheads, 352

Rhineland, 212

Rhineland Jews, massacre of, 41

Riccardo Filangeri, 567, 572

Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’), 1, 367, 374–80, 383–90, 428–30, 446–99, 501–5, 507–13, 515, 526, 552, 655, 662, 670, 671, 672

arrival of, in Holy Land, 428–9

Ascalon’s rebuilding by, 492

at Battle of Arsuf, 466–76

becomes king of England, 383–4

Berengaria marries, 429

birth and background of, 375–8

calamitous failure of leadership by, 509

confirmed as Henry’s successor, 383

Conrad’s assassination and, 495–6

Conrad’s parley with, 492

Conrad’s telling advantages over, 492

cross taken by, 374, 378, 380

crossbow bolt hits, 466

death and burial of, 516

descriptions of, 374–5, 379

elaborate negotiations with Saladin conducted by, 482–8

Frederick II compared to, 569

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Guy–Conrad rivalry and, 436, 448

illnesses of, 433, 511

installed as duke of Aquitaine, 376

installed as duke of Normandy, 384

Joanne-al-Adil marriage suggested by, 484–5, 487

John’s power bid and, 494

journey of, to Holy Land, 388–90, 429

Leopold captures, 515

Lionheart sobriquet of, 374

march from Acre by, 458–76, 461

dispatch/letter sent to Garnier during, 469, 472–3, 475

military discipline and, 327, 387

Muslim potentates contacted by, 511

naval assault on Cyprus by, 429

Philip Augustus and, rivalry or unity between, 434–6

Poitou title of, 376

post-Crusade campaigns of, 516

in Punch, 674

resigns as commander-in-chief of Third Crusade, 508

return to Europe undertaken by, 412–13, 515

Saladin’s Acre diplomatic exchanges with, 434

Saladin’s attack on Jaffa and, 410–11

Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between Conrad and, 487

Saladin’s protracted 1192 negotiations with, 510

Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501

Saladin’s supply caravan attacked by, 505

Saladin’s three-year truce with, 512

scholars’ views of, 375, 379, 490

songs composed by, 516

Third Crusade a contest between Saladin and, 367

Third Crusade’s preparations’ cost to, 386

see also Third Crusade

Richard of Cornwall, 573

Richard of Salerno, 146, 154

Ridwan (ibn Tutush) of Aleppo, 22, 66, 141, 142, 152

death of, 156

River Jordan, 155, 156, 160, 167

Upper, 260, 311

see also Transjordan

River of Reeds, 466, 467

River Rochetaille, 466, 467, 468, 470

River Saleph, 421

Robert II Flanders, Count, 46, 57, 92, 106

Robert IV of Leicester, 432, 472, 482, 510

Robert (knight of Jerusalem), 132

Robert of Artois, 580, 592, 596–7, 598, 607

Robert of Dreux, 207, 403, 474

Robert ‘Guiscard’ (‘the Wily’), 44

Robert of Hereford, 493

Robert of Nantes, patriarch of Jerusalem, 584–5, 604

Robert of Normandy, Duke, 46, 47, 57–9, 92, 106

Robert of Rheims, 109–10, 111

Roda, 266

Roger II of Sicily, 215–16, 218

Roger of Rozoy, 131–2

Roger of Salerno (later prince of Antioch), 153–4, 154–5, 157–9, 163–4, 327

death of, at the Field of Blood, 164, 166

Roger of Tosny, 432