Roland, 374, 376

Romania, Latin, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 628

Rome:

Christianity becomes official religion of, 8

declining empire of, 9

popes exiled from, 9

Eugenius III’s dispute with people of, 201

exposed to attack, 216

Germany’s acrimonious dispute with, 208

Hohenstaufen encirclement of, 571

imperial rule of, 5, 8

secular governance of, 201

Roupen III, prince of Cilician Armenia, 317

Roupenid dynasty, 171n, 539

Royal Book (al-Majusa), 184

Ruj valley, 154

Russia, 21, 612, 614

Sa‘ad al-Daulah, 128, 129, 130

Sacro Catino, 124

Saddam Hussein, 678–9

Sadi, ra’is of Tyre, 179

Saewulf, 122

Safad, 170–1, 396, 633–4

Saffaram, 423, 446, 452, 460

Saffuriya, 318, 226, 345, 346, 347

Safita, 296

Safwat of Damascus, 135

Saidnaya, 187

Saif al-Din (nephew of Nur al-Din), 289, 293–4

death of, 317

Saif al-Din (son of Zangi), 229, 231, 233, 235, 499

death of, 244

St Andrew, 77, 83

St Augustine of Hippo, 15

St Denis, 217, 218, 388

St Foi, 12

St Francis of Assisi, 556–7

St Leonard, 117, 140, 143

St Peter, 63, 559

Basilica of, 77, 139

St Sophia, Basilica of, 48

Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub), 2, 183, 270–1, 272, 273, 274–83, 285–98, 306–23, 332–64, 367–368, 378, 391–3, 394–8, 422–3, 425–8, 450–4, 457, 480, 481–7 passim, 488, 489–91, 498–502, 504–1, 508, 509–15, 624, 659, 669, 673, 675, 677, 678–9

achievement of, in 1187, 363

Aleppo and Mosul campaign of, 320–3

Aleppo stalked by, 292–4

armies disbanded by, 513

armies reassembled by, 498

Ascalon razed by, 477, 478

Assassins and, 294–5

Ayyubid strategy in 1192

and, 499–501

Baha al-Din’s biography of, 397

career, to 1186, of, 335–6

Chahine’s film of, 678

civil and religious rejuvenation initiated by, 278

Conrad’s assassination and, 495–6

Conrad’s urgent message to, 494–5

courtesy and clemency shown to Jerusalem Franks by, 359–61

damaged martial reputation of, 446

Damascus target of, 290–2

declining health and death of, 513–14

domination drive by, 316–23

ebbing strength of, 392

fever suffered by, 333–4

financial insecurity, troop shortages and sedition faced by, 501

first invasion of Palestine by, 278

fortifications continue to be razed by, 480, 482

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great

Siege of history’s view of, 335, 340, 464

indecisive generalship of, 446

intelligence network of, 324

Ismat marries, 296

at Jacob’s Ford, 311–15

Jerusalem left dangerously undermanned by, 490

Jerusalem’s water sources poisoned by, 505

likened to Devil, 370

Lyons and Jackson’s biography of, 335

major anti-Zangid offensive planned by, 320

modern Muslim biography of, 674

motives and mentality of, 286–7

news of Frederick’s death reaches, 422

‘noble savage’, 671

Palestine (1183) offensive of, 324–31

Palestine (1187) offensive of, 343–64

Raymond III seeks protection from, 343

rebuilds Egypt’s fleet, 298

repeated illness weakens, 446

Richard I’s Acre diplomatic exchanges with, 434

Richard I’s arbitration request to, 486–7

Richard I’s march from Acre and, 460, 462, 464, 465–70 passim, 472, 476

Richard I opens channels of communication with, 433–4

Richard I’s pact with, 451

Richard I’s protracted 1192

negotiations with, 510

Richard I’s three-year truce with, 512

ruinous setbacks faced by, 498

September 1187

intentions of, 357–61

strategy re-evaluated by, 478, 482–4

Third Crusade a contest between

Richard I and, 367

Third Crusade’s second advance on

Jerusalem and, see Third Crusade: advance on Jerusalem by (second)

Tyre besieged and attacked by, 394–5

will dictated by, 333

see also Jerusalem, kingdom of; Palestine

Salahiyya, 276

al-Salih, 285, 289, 290, 292, 293–4, 296, 317–18

death of, 317

al-Salih Ayyub, 574, 585, 590, 624

death of, 593

illness of, 589–90

mamluks favoured by, 591

al-Salihiyya, 261

San Germano agreement, 564–6, 567

Santiago de Compostela, 13, 185, 207

Saone, 396

Saruj, 228

Saudi Arabia, 677

see also Mecca; Medina

Sawar, 230

Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri, 674

Scandelion Pass, 400

Scott, Sir Walter, 671

Sebaste, 187

Second Council of Lyons, 649

Second Crusade, 197–8, 201–37

chronicler’s damning account of, 368

cost of royal participation in, 215

Damascus target of, 234–5

French and German armies set out for, 218

Islam’s countering of, 232–7

joint Latin council considers course of, 233–4

retreat from Damascus by, 235

Turkish assaults on, 220

Second World War, 675

Seljuqs, see Turks: Seljuq

Sermon on the Mount, 14

Shaizar, 142, 152–3, 157, 166, 233, 254

failed expeditions against, 171

Shajar al-Durr, 593–4, 606, 612

Shaqwi, Ahmad, 674–5

Sharaf al-Ma‘ali, 131, 133, 134

Sharamsah, 561

Shawar, vizier of Egypt, 267, 268, 269–70, 272, 280, 322

execution of, 273

Shirkuh ibn Shadi, 230, 242, 248, 251, 253

death of, 274

Egyptian campaigns of, 268–73

Shobak, 159

Sibylla, Princess (later queen of Jerusalem), 299–300, 301, 303, 323–4, 356, 379, 398

crowning and anointing of, 342

death of, 435

Sicily, 8, 181, 369, 371, 550, 551, 562, 564, 567, 577, 580

Byzantium’s tension with, 216

pressure on Rome from, 198

Sidon, 125, 127, 354, 412, 433, 448, 633, 656

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

siege engines, projectile-launching, 53, 95, 98, 99, 100, 394, 632

at Acre, 417, 419, 431, 437–8, 652, 653

Baybars’, 630

‘God’s own’, 438

on shipboard, 585, 653

Sifilke, 421

Sigurd of Norway, 125, 214n

sin, as cause of defeat, 166

Sinai Peninsula, 270

Sinjar, 289, 321, 322, 423

Slavs, 27

Spain, 211, 214, 376, 533

Almohad Moors in, 532

Almoravids invade, 27

Islam reaches, 19

polities in, 7

territory reconquered from Moors in, 27

Splendid Accounts of the Crusading Wars (Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri), 674

Stabelo, 131

Stephanie of Milly, 304, 328, 360

Stephanie, princess of Cilician Armenia, 539

Stephen of Blois, Count, 46, 55, 68, 71, 106–7, 131, 134, 198

flight of, 74–5

Stephen of Burgundy, Count, 131

Stephen of Cloyes, 533

Stephen of England, 198

Stephen of Pisa, 184

Stephen of Sancerre, 415, 420

Strasbourg, 372, 381

Sufis, 25

Suger of St Denis, Abbot, 213

al-Sulami, 113, 264

Summaq plateau, 84, 139, 142, 152, 166, 240, 243

Syria, 1, 19, 23, 107, 191, 499, 557, 623, 628, 648

Abaqa’s raiding force in, 648

Baldwin II’s arrival in, 166

in crisis, 137–45

disarray in, 64, 229

drought in, 298, 316

earthquakes in, 253, 281

First Crusade in, 62–88

Mongols arrive in, 616

northern, Mongols attain dominion of, 618

Raymond III’s truce with, 332

Saladin’s ongoing attempts to subdue, 319

Saladin’s return to, 513

struggle for control in, 573

Taliban, 677

Talisman, The (Scott), 671

Tancred of Hautville, 45, 46, 52, 60, 69, 70, 86, 92, 94, 97, 101, 106, 116, 117, 127, 130, 137–9, 138–43 passim, 145, 146–9, 150–2, 160, 162

Antioch commanded by, 137