Qadhafi, Colonel Muammar al- Qadiriyya order, of Sufi Qaida, al- Qansuh al-Ghawri, al-Ashraf Qarawiyyin mosque university Qasim, Abd al-Karim Qasimi Mamluks Qasimi tribal confederation Qassam, Izz al-Din al- Qatar Qawuqji, Fawzi al- Qur’an and Islamic modernists “Makers of the Pit” on other faiths on pharaohs on slavery Qusus, Awda al- Qutb, Sayyid Milestones Quwwatli, Shukri al- overthrown

Rabin, Yitzhak Radio stations Iraqi Radio Berlin’s Arab service Voice of the Arabs Railroads Ras al-Khaima Reagan, Ronald Red Line Agreement Reform Decree of 1839 (Ottoman Empire) Reform Decree of 1856 (Ottoman Empire) Religious conflict. See also Lebanese civil war; Palestine Druze and Maronites Restrained occupation, France in Algeria Rйveil, Le (French newspaper) Rif War, 1921–1926 Rigoletto (Verdi) Romania Roosevelt, Franklin D. Russia gains, in First World War invades Ottoman Empire Russian Revolution Russian-Ottoman War of 1877–1878

Sa’ada, Antun Saadawi, Nawal El Sabra and Shatila massacres Sadat, Anwar accomplishments assassinated assumes presidency attacks Libya expels Soviet advisors peace negotiations with Israel Safavid Empire Safwat, Ismail Said Pasha Salafism Salem, Salah Salman, Abu Salmun (prostitute) Sarrail, General Maurice Sartre, Jean-Paul Saud, Abdullah ibn Saudi Arabia and al-Qaida defense spending Directorate of Oil and Mining Affairs founding Islamists oil production see also Wahhabis, Wahhabism Scientific knowledge Scramble for Africa Second Egyptian Crisis, 1839–1840 Second World War and Britain’s rule of Middle East Free French forces Jewish refugees Vichy France Selim I (Selim the Grim) Selim III (sultan) September 11, 2001 post- Seven Years’ War Sиves (French colonel) (Sulayman Agha) Shadow plays, Egyptian Shahbandar, Abd al-Rahman Shakespeare, Macbeth Shamir, Yitzhak Sha’rawi, Ali Pasha Sha’rawi, Huda Sharia law Sharif Pasha Sharifian Solution Sharja Sharm al-Shaykh Sharon, Ariel Shaw Report Shihab family Shiites Druzes in Lebanon significance of Karbala vs. Sunnis Shoe-throwing incident Siba’i, Mustafa al-. See also Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Sidqi, Ismail Sinai Peninsula Six Day War. See Arab-Israeli Wars, 1967 War Slavery European opposition to and the Qur’an Slavery, military boy levy military. See also Mamluks Sudanese Social Darwinism Society of Young Ottomans South American oil Soviet Union (USSR) alliance with Egypt allies, after Cold War arms deals as arms supplier dйtente invasion of Afghanistan oil production perestroika role in Egypt Spain battles Barbary corsairs Christians conquer colonization of Morocco Spanish Armada Standard Oil Stern, Abraham Stern Gang. See also Lehi Strait of Gibraltar Straits of the Bosporus Sublime Porte Sudan Suez Canal as border control of nationalized restored to Egypt Suez Crisis (Tripartite Aggression). See Arab-Israeli Wars, 1956 War Sufism (mystical Muslim brotherhoods) Qadiriyya order Suicide bombers Sьleyman II (al-Kanuni), Sultan and Barbarossa Sunnis Sykes, Sir Mark Sykes-Picot Agreement Syria. See also Greater Syria Aleppo. See Aleppo claims Lebanon conquered by Ottomans Damascus. See Damascus declares independence under Egyptian rule under French colonialism and Iran-Iraq War Islamists in local leaders co-opted losses to Israel Muhammad ’Ali invades under Ottoman rule post-World War I role in First World War secession from Egypt succession of Bashar al-Asad union with Egypt Syrian Congress, 1920 ten-point resolution Syrian nationalists honorable cooperation policy Syrian Social Nationalist Party

Tabbara, Lina (Mikdadi) Tahtawi, Rifa’a al- Taif Accord, Lebanon, 1989 Taliban Tall, Mustafa Wahbi al- Tanzimat era, Ottoman Empire. See Ottoman reforms, nineteenth century Taqla, Salim and Bishara Tawfiq Pasha Taxation, land Taymiyya, Ibn Technology and Ottoman reform Tehran Agreement, 1971 Tenet, George Tergeman, Siham Texaco Times (London) Tito, Josip Broz Topkapi Palace Torture abolished, in Ottoman Empire of Algerian revolutionaries Guantanamo Bay prison of Islamists of Palestinian nationalists of political prisoners in the Qu’ran Transjordan. See also Jordan battles Israeli forces support for Partition of Palestine tax revolt Transylvania Treaty of 1922 (Britain and Egypt) Treaty of Berlin, 1878 Treaty of Fez, 1912 Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699 Treaty of Madrid, 1912 Treaty of Preferential Alliance, Great Britain and Iraq,1930 Tripartite Aggression (Suez Crisis). See Arab-Israeli Wars, 1956 War Tripoli (Lebanon) Tripoli (Libya) Trucial States Tulun, Muhammad ibn Tumanbay, al-Ashraf Tunisia battle for declares bankruptcy under French colonialism independence under Ottoman rule reforms, nineteenth century Tunisian Constitution of 1861 Turayqi, Abdullah al- Turco-Circassians Turkey, Ottoman constitutional government as the “sick man of Europe” Turkish (Iraq) Petroleum Company Tussun Pasha

Ukraine ’Umar, Zahir al- Umayyads Unified National Command (UNC). See also Intifada United Arab Emirates United Arab Republic United Nations Arafat addresses, 1974 diplomatic efforts Geneva Conference, 1973 Resolution Resolution United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) United Nations Security Council Resolution sanctions Iraq United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) Partition Resolution United States as ally of Jordan as Arab enemy as arms supplier diplomatic efforts, Arab-Israeli as Israel ally and Kurdish uprising Operation Desert Storm policies, post-Cold War post-World War I on Saudi soil University of Chicago University of Northern Colorado’s Teachers’ College University of Texas Urabi, Colonel Ahmad U.S.S Liberty, Israeli attack on during 1967 War USSR (Soviet Union). See Soviet Union ’Uthman Pasha Uthman Rifqi Pasha

Venezuela Verdi Versailles Peace Conference Vichy France Vietnam Violette, Maurice Voice of the Arabs (radio station)

Wafd (Egyptian nationalists) government Wafdist Women’s Central Committee Wahhabis Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab battles for Mecca and Medina executed and Saudis Wahhabism Waldheim, Kurt Wall Street crash, of 1929 War of Attrition. See Arab-Israeli Wars War on terror Wazir, Khalil al- (a.k.a. Abu Jihad), PLO official Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Weizmann, Chaim West Bank Western culture, condemned Whirling dervishes White Papers 1930 Passfield White Paper 1939 White Paper 1922 Wilhelm II (kaiser) Will, George Wilson, Harold Wilson, Sir Arnold Wilson, Woodrow Wingate, Sir Reginald Wolseley, Sir Garnet Women, role of in Algerian revolution in Arab nationalist movement in Egyptian Revolution of 1919 in Islamist movement in Lebanese independence in Mocorran independence movement in Palestine in Syrian rebellion World Bank World Trade Center attacks. See September 11, 2001 World War I. See First World War World War II. See Second World War World Zionist Organization (WZO)

Yahya, Imam Yassin, Shaykh Ahmad Yemen civil war independent under Ottoman rule Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine). See Zionism, Zionists Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli Wars, 1973 War Younes, Mahmoud Young Algeria movement Young Egypt Young Men’s Muslim Association Young Turks Youssef, Moulay

Zaghlul, Sa’d Zaidi, Muntadhar al- (shoe-thrower) Za’im, Husni al- Zaydani shaykhs Zhou Enlai (Chou En-Lai) Zionism, Zionists. See also Israel; Jews creation of Jewish state as doomed to fail King-Crane Commission on migration to Palestine Zuaytir, Akram Zurayk, Constantine, Ma’nat al-Nakba

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