Ba’th Party in Iraq secular nature Bab Zuwayla (gates of Cairo) Bab-i Ali (High Gate). See Sublime Porte Baghdad Baghdad Pact, 1955 Bahrain Bahri, Yunis Baker, James Balfour, Lord Arthur Balfour Declaration Balkans nationalism under Ottoman rule Banking reform, Ottoman Empire Banna, Hasan al- Barbarossa (Khayr al-Din) Barbary corsairs (pirates) Baring, Sir Evelyn. See Cromer, Lord Bar-Lev Line Battle of Algiers (film) Bayhum, Muhammad Jamil Bedouins Begin, Menachem Bell, Gertrude Ben Badis, Abd al-Hamid Ben Bella, Ahmed Ben-Gurion, David Berbers Berlin Wall Bertholet (Eighteenth-century French scientist) Bin Ladin, Osama declares jihad on United States Bir Zeit University Bitar, Salah al-Din Black Saturday, January 26, 1952 Black September War Blum, Lйon Bolsheviks Bonaparte, Napoleon Bouchard, Henri, French sculptor Bouhired, Djamila Bouhired, Fatiha Bourиs-Maunoury, Maurice Bourguiba, Habib Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Boy levy (devshirme) Brezhnev, Leonid Britain acquires Cyprus controls Persian Gulf end of colonial power invasion of Baghdad leaves Palestine and Ottoman Empire position on Balkan independence rivalry with France rules Egypt rules Iraq and Saudi Arabia Suez Canal treaties and promises, First World War and Trucial States World War II British East India Company British Empire British Petroleum (BP) Budayri al-Hallaq, Ahmad al- (Damascene diarist) Bunche, Ralph Bush, George H. W. Bush, George W. shoe-throwing incident Byron, Lord Byzantine Empire

Cairo burns, on Black Saturday under Ottoman rule as publishing center revolt against Ottomans Cairo Accord of November 1969 Cairo University CalTex Camp David Carter, Jimmy Catherine the Great Catroux, General Georges Cavell, Edith Ceausescu, Nicolae Cedar Revolution. See Independence Intifada Cemal Pasha Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Ceuta (Spanish North African posession) Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Chamoun, Camille Chancellor, John Charles V of Spain Charles X of France Chemical Ali. See Majid, Ali Hasan al- Chevron China, Communist. See People’s Republic of China Chou En-Lai (Zhou Enlai) Christians conquer Spain Maronites. See Maronites massacred in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, 1860 in Ottoman government in slavery Churchill, Winston Circle of equity Clayton, Sir Gilbert Clement, Marguerite Clinton, Bill Code de l’Indigйnat (Indigenous People’s Code, Algeria) Cold War era close of dйtente Eisenhower Doctrine and Israeli invasion of Lebanon Non-Aligned Movement. See Non-Aligned Movement Communist Party in Algeria in Syria Congress of Berlin, 1878 Constantinople. See Istanbul Constitution of 1876 (Ottoman Empire) Constitutional government Egypt Ottoman Turkey praise for Tunisia Cotton Covenant of the League of Nations Cox, Charles Cox, Sir Percy Crane, Charles R. Crimean War Croatia Cromer, Lord (Sir Evelyn Baring) Crusades Cyprus

Damascus under Ottoman rule prostitution in revolt against French revolt against Ottomans Damurdashi, Ahmad Karkhuda al- Darwinism, social Day of Maysalun Dayr Yasin massacre De Bunsen, Sir Maurice de Bunsen Committee, 1915 De Gaulle, Charles De Lesseps, Ferdinand De Rothschild, Baron Edmond Delcassй, Thйophile Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Depression era Desert Storm War, 1991 Dйtente Deval, Pierre Devshirme (boy levy) Dey, role of Dinshaway Incident, 1906 Dir’iyya Agreement, 1744–1745 Disraeli, Benjamin Doria, Andrea Drake, Sir Francis Druzes and French colonialism and Ottoman reform Dulles, John Foster Dayan, General Moshe Dynastic rule

Education reform, Ottoman Egypt Abyssinian Campaign under Ahmad Urabi alliance with Soviets under Anwar Sadat. See Sadat, Anwar under British colonialism Cairo. See Cairo conquered by Ottomans Constitution of 1923, constitutional government declares bankruptcy, 1876 democracy in food riots, 1977 free press French in Greek War land taxation under Nasser, Gamal Abdel. See Nasser, Gamal Abdel newspapers under Ottoman rule peace treaty with Israel, 1979 post-World War I, revolt against Ottomans Revolution of 1919 role in First World War scholars, in France Six Day War Treaty of 1922 union with Syria, 1958 Wafd government War of Attrition World War II Egypt under Muhammad ‘Ali Egyptian Army acquires modern weapons under Muhammad ’Ali Pasha Egyptian Army, late nineteenth century divisions within Egyptians win recognition Egyptian nationalists. See also Wafd (Egyptian nationalists) Egyptian press Egyptian revolution, 1952 economy land reform Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower Doctrine Enlightenment Entente Cordiale Eshkol, Levi Ethnic cleansing Europe. See also under individual countries abandons support of Ottoman Empire alliance with Ottomans conquers Ottoman Empire and Greek War loans, to Ottoman and North African countries and Muhammad ’Ali and Ottoman reform Renaissance science and technology European warfare Eveland, Wilbur Crane Exodus (Jewish refugee ship) Exxon

Fakhr al-Din II Faqar, Zayn al-, Mamluk commander Faqari Mamluks Faruq, King Fascism Fatah Fatwas Faysal I, King addresses Paris Peace Conference, 1919 leads Arab Revolt, 1916-1918 rules Iraq rules Syria, 1918-1920 Faysal II, King Feminism. See also Women, role of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Filiki Etairia (Society of Friends), Greek nationalist movement First World War Arab Revolt Arabists in Egypt’s role King-Crane Commission Mecca and Medina military conscription Ottomans enter Paris Peace Conference of 1919 partition of Ottoman lands Syria’s role FIS (Islamic Salvation Front), Algeria Fisk, Robert FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) Fly swatter incident Ford, Gerald Fourteen Points France Charles X, overthrown colonies. See Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia cotton trade gains, in First World War invasion of Egypt July Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte. See Bonaparte, Napoleon occupies Syria Popular Front government rules Syria and Lebanon Vichy regime Free French forces, World War II Free Officers and Muslim Brotherhood French, in Vietnam French Constitution of 1814 Fuad, King (Egypt)

Galilee Gamasy, General Abd al-Ghani al- Gambetta Note Gaza Strip occupation Palestinian refugees in Georges-Picot, Charles Franзois Germany First World War and scramble for Africa Second World War. See Nazi Germany Ghanim, Shukri Ghazali, Janbirdi al- Ghazali, Zaynab al- Gibran, Khalil Glubb, General John Bagot (Glubb Pasha) Golan Heights Gorbachev, Mikhail Gore, Al Gouraud, General Henri Greater Syria Greek independence Greek War Guantanamo Bay prison

Habsburg Austria Hadid, Muhammad Hadid, Shaykh Marwan. See also Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Hadj, Messali Hafiz, Moulay Abd al- Haganah Haifa, Palestine Hamas (Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement) Hammami, Said Hammer, Armand Hananu, Ibrahim Hanbali school Hariri, Rafiq Hasan, Moulay Hashemites. See also King Abdullah I, King Abdullah II, King Faisal I, King Faisal II, King Hussein, Sharif Husayn ibn Ali Heikal, Mohammed Herriot, Edouard Herzl, Theodore, The Jewish State Hijackings, airplane Hijaz (Arabian province) Ottoman Empire battles for Hizbullah Holocaust Holy Places Dispute Hostage crisis, American Embassy Hot-air balloon, in Egypt Hrawi, Elias Hulagu Hungary Husayn ibn ’Ali, Sharif of Mecca Husayn ibn ’Ali, Imam Husayn Pasha, Dey of Algiers Husayni, Abd al- Qadir al- Husayni, Jamal al- Husayni, Musa Kazim al- Hussein, King of Jordan Hussein, Qusay Hussein, Saddam assassination attempt condemns Arab-United States alliance creates oil slick popularity sons of and weapons of mass destruction Hussein, Uday

Ibn Iyas, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Mamluk chronicler Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud), King Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Tulun, Muhammad Ibrahim Pasha, Nineteenth-century Egyptian general Imam, definition Independence Intifada, Lebanon, 2005 Indian Expeditionary Force, Mesopotamia WWI Industrial Revolution Intifada second Iran ancient. See Persia Islamic Revolution oil production support for Lebanese Shiites takes hostages, at American Embassy Iran-Iraq War Iraq under British colonialism invaded by Britain invades Kuwait. See Kuwait invaded by Iraq Iran-Iraq War Karbala Kurds nationalism 1958 revolution oil production post-World War I under Saddam Hussein shoe-throwing protester Soviet Treaty of Friendship tribal divisions union with Jordan United States supports World War II Iraqi Free Officers Iraqi nationalists Iraqi Uprising of 1920 Irgun Iron Hand Society, Syrian nationalist movement Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain Islam birth of early fundamentalists Iranian Revolution. See Islamic Revolution, Iran mysticism pilgrimage in and polytheism Wahhabism Islambuli, Khalid al- Islamic Jihad (group) Islamic law (sharia). See Sharia Islamic nationalists. See Islamists Islamic Revolution, Iran Islamists Iran. See Islamic revolution, Iran Lebanon. See Hizbullah Palestinian. See Hamas Saudi Arabia. See also Bin Ladin, Osama Ismail (khedive) Israel. See also Jewish Agency, Palestine; Jews; Zionism and American diplomacy. See United States, diplomatic efforts arms race espionage invades Lebanon Iraq strikes Likud government massacres at Sabra and Shatila military experience 1948 Arab-Israeli war 1956 Arab-Israeli war peace negotiations peace treaty with Egypt Six Day War. See Arab-Israeli wars, 1967 War as United States ally War of Attrition Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli wars, 1973 War Israeli-Lebanese Agreement of May 17, 1983 Issa, Mahmoud Istanbul (Constantinople) Istiqlal party in Transjordan in Morocco Italy colonization of Libya Renaissance and scramble for Africa unification