24 Ibid., p. 54.

25 Ibid., p. 62.

26 Ibid., p. 65.

27 Hussein of Jordan, My “War” with Israel (New York: Peter Owen, 1969), pp. 89–91.

28 Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 178.

29 Hasan Bahgat, cited in Oren, Six Days of War, p. 201.

30 BBC Monitoring Service, cited in ibid., p. 209.

31 Ibid., p. 226.

32 Sadat, In Search of Identity, pp. 175–176.

33 Ibid., p. 179.

34 Ibid.

35 On Nasser’s diplomacy see Shlaim, The Iron Wall, pp. 117–123; on the initiation of Hussein’s meetings with Israeli officials see Avi Shlaim, The Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace (London: Allen Lane, 2007), pp. 192–201.

36 Salah Khalaf wrote his memoirs under his nom de guerre, Abu Iyad (with Eric Rouleau), My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle (New York: Times Books, 1981), pp. 19–23.

37 Cited in Helena Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 33.

38 Leila Khaled, My People Shall Live (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1973), pp. 85, 88.

39 Mahmoud Issa, Je suis un Fedayin [I am a Fedayin] (Paris: Stock, 1976), pp. 60–62.

40 Figures from Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for Peace: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 178–179.

41 Khaled, My People Shall Live, p. 107.

42 Abu Iyad, My Home, My Land, p. 60.

43 Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 203.

44 Khaled, My People Shall Live, p. 112.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid., p. 116.

47 Ibid., p. 124.

48 Ibid., p. 126.

49 Ibid., pp. 136–143.

50 Khalaf, My Home, My Land, p. 76.

51 Khaled, My People Shall Live, p. 174.

52 Cited in Peter Snow and David Phillips, Leila’s Hijack War (London: Pan Books, 1970), p. 41.

53 Heikal, Cairo Documents, pp. 21–22.

Chapter 12

1 Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 446.

2 Ibid., p. 500.

3 See for instance al-Turayqi’s arguments for an Arab oil pipeline; Naql al-batrul al-’arabi [Transport of Arab petroleum] (Cairo: League of Arab States, Institute of Arab Studies, 1961), pp. 114–122.

4 Muhammad Hadid, Mudhakkirati: al-sira‘ min ajli al-dimuqtratiyya fi’l-Iraq [My memoirs: The struggle for democracy in Iraq] (London: Saqi, 2006), p. 428; Yergin, The Prize, pp. 518–523.

5 Yergin, The Prize, pp. 528–529.

6 Cited in Mirella Bianco, Gadhafi: Voice from the Desert (London: Longman, 1975), pp. 67–68.

7 Mohammed Heikal, The Road to Ramadan (London: Collins, 1975), p. 70.

8 Abdullah al-Turayqi, Al-bitrul al-’Arabi: Silah fi’l-ma‘raka [Arab petroleum: A weapon in the battle] (Beirut: PLO Research Center, 1967), p. 48.

9 Jonathan Bearman, Qadhafi’s Libya (London: Zed, 1986), p. 81; Frank C. Wad-dams, The Libyan Oil Industry (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p. 230; Yergin, The Prize, p. 578.

10 Ali A. Attiga, The Arabs and the Oil Crisis, 1973–1986 (Kuwait: OAPEC, 1987), pp. 9–11.

11 Al-Turayqi, al-Bitrul al-’Arabi, pp. 7, 68.

12 Mohamed Abdel Ghani El-Gamasy, The October War: Memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1993), p. 114.

13 Ibid., pp. 149–151.

14 Ibid., pp. 180–181.

15 Riad N. El-Rayyes and Dunia Nahas, eds., The October War: Documents, Personalities, Analyses, and Maps (Beirut: An-Nahar, 1973), p. 63.

16 Cited in Yergin, The Prize, p. 597. Khalid al-Hasan repeated the same story to Alan Hart: “Feisal said: ‘The condition is that you will fight for a long time and that you won’t ask for a cease-fire after a few days. You must fight for not less than three months.’” Alan Hart, Arafat: Terrorist or Peacemaker? (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984), p. 370.

17 Heikal, The Road to Ramadan, p. 40.

18 El-Gamasy claimed that 27 Israeli aircraft were shot down on October 6 and that 48 aircraft were downed on October 7, for a total of 75 Israeli planes in the first two days of fighting; p. 234. He put Israel’s armored losses at more than 120 tanks destroyed on October 6 and 170 tanks on October 7; pp. 217, 233. These figures seem credible when compared to the official figures for the war as a whole, in which Israel lost a total of 103 aircraft and 840 tanks and Arab forces lost 329 aircraft and 2,554 tanks. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 321.

19 Cited in Yergin, The Prize, pp. 601–606.

20 El-Rayyes and Nahas, The October War, pp. 71–73.

21 Heikal, Road to Ramadan, p. 234.

22 Official Israeli figures cited by Shlaim, Iron Wall, p. 321.

23 Heikal, Road to Ramadan, p. 275.

24 Cited in Hart, Arafat, p. 411.

25 Ibid., p. 383.

26 Ibid., p. 379.

27 Uri Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy (London: Zed, 1986), p. 35.

28 Ibid., p. 52.

29 Ibid., p. 36.

30 Ibid., p. 43.

31 Ibid., p. 44.

32 Lina Mikdadi Tabbara, Survival in Beirut (London: Onyx Press, 1979), pp. 3–4, 116.

33 Hart, Arafat, p. 411.

34 The full text of Arafat’s speech is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin, 1985).

35 Hart, Arafat, p. 392.

36 Patrick Seale, Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire (London: Arrow, 1993), pp. 162–163.

37 United Nations Relief Works Agency statistics for numbers of registered refugees. As UNRWA notes, registration is voluntary and the number of registered refugees is not an accurate population figure, but would be less than the actual total. Robert Fisk gave the 1975 figure at 350,000 in Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 73. Refugee statistics posted to the UNRWA website, http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html.

38 Camille Chamoun, Crise au Liban [Crisis in Lebanon] (Beirut: 1977), pp. 5–8.

39 Kamal Joumblatt, I Speak for Lebanon (London: Zed Press, 1982), pp. 46, 47.

40 Tabbara, Survival in Beirut, p. 25.

41 Ibid., p. 19.

42 Ibid., pp. 20, 29.

43 Ibid., pp. 53–54.

44 Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” in Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yasin, eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982), p. 55.

45 Tabbara, Survival in Beirut, p. 66.

46 Walid Khalidi, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 60–62.

47 Ibid., p. 104.

48 Tabbara, Survival in Beirut, p. 114.

49 Jumblatt, I Speak for Lebanon, p. 19.

50 Tabbara, Survival in Beirut, p. 178.

51 The bread riots took place on January 18–19, 1977. Mohamed Heikal, Secret Channels: The Inside Story of Arab-Israeli Peace Negotiations (London: Harper Collins, 1996), p. 245.

52 Ibid., p. 247–248. For the Libyan perspective of the attack, see Bearman, Qadhafi’s Libya, pp. 170–171.

53 Heikal, Secret Channels, pp. 252–254. Sadat gives a similar account in his own memoirs: see Anwar el-Sadat, In Search of Identity (London: Collins, 1978), p. 306.

54 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt’s Road to Jerusalem (New York: Random House, 1997), pp. 11–12.