1 Mohamed Heikal, Illusion of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War (London: Harper Collins, 1992), pp. 14–17, for both Habash and Asad quotes. See also Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 212–213.
2 Mohamed Heikal, Illusion of Triumph, pp. 16–17.
3 Quoted in Zachary Karabell, “Backfire: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq, 1988–2 August 1990,” Middle East Journal (Winter 1995): 32–33.
4 Human Rights Watch, Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (New York and Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch, 1993).
5 Samir al-Khalil, the alias used by Iraqi author Kanan Makiya, provided a graphic description of political repression in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq in his 1989 study, The Republic of Fear (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989).
6 Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 251.
7 Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 767.
8 A transcript of the Glaspie-Hussein interview is reproduced in Phyllis Bennis and Michel Moushabeck, eds., Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader (New York: Olive Branch, 1991), pp. 391–396.
9 Jehan S. Rajab, Invasion Kuwait: An English Woman’s Tale (London: Radcliffe Press, 1993), p. 1.
10 Heikal, Illusion of Triumph, pp. 196–198.
11 Ibid., p. 207.
12 Rajab, Invasion Kuwait, pp. 55, 99–100.
13 Heikal, Illusion of Triumph, p. 250.
14 Mohammed Abdulrahman Al-Yahya, Kuwait: Fall and Rebirth (London: Kegan Paul International, 1993), p. 86.
15 Rajab, Invasion Kuwait, pp. 14–19.
16 Ibid., pp. 73–74; Al-Yahya, Kuwait: Fall and Rebirth, pp. 87–88.
17 Rajab, Invasion Kuwait, pp. 43–45.
18 Ibrahim al-Marashi, “The Nineteenth Province: The Invasion of Kuwait and the 1991 Gulf War from the Iraqi Perspective” (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2004), p. 92.
19 Abdul Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al-Qa’ida (London: Abacus, 2006), pp. 37–38.
20 “Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries,” reprinted in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds., Al-Qaeda in Its Own Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 47-50. See also Bin Ladin’s CNN interview in ibid., pp. 51–52.
21 Heikal, Illusion of Triumph, pp. 15–16.
22 Ibid., p. 230.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., p. 234.
25 Ibid., p. 13.
26 Sari Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life (London: Halban, 2007), p. 318.
27 Rajab, Invasion Kuwait, p. 181.
28 Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: I. B. Tauris, 1993), p. 319.
29 Ibid., p. 570.
30 Ibid., p. 595.
31 Ibid., p. 616.
32 Kamal Salibi, A House of Many Mansions (London: I. B. Tauris, 1988).
33 Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country, p. 337.
34 Hanan Ashrawi, This Side of Peace: A Personal Account (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 75.
35 Ibid., pp. 82–84.
36 Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country, p. 342.
37 The full text of Haidar Abdul Shafi’s lecture is reproduced on the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center website, http://www.jmcc.org/documents/haidarmad.htm.
38 Transcriptions of all opening and closing speeches by heads of delegations to Madrid are reproduced on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/. Israeli historian Amitzur Ilan attributes “true responsibility for the murder” of Bernadotte to Shamir and two other LEHI leaders; Ilan, Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 (Houndmills, UK, and London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 233.
39 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 500.
40 Ashrawi, This Side of Peace, p. 212.
41 Ahmed Qurie (‘Abu Ala’), From Oslo to Jerusalem: The Palestinian Story of the Secret Negotiations (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), p. 58.
42 Ibid., p. 59.
43 Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 656–658.
44 Ashrawi, This Side of Peace, p. 259.
45 Qurie, From Oslo to Jerusalem, p. 279.
46 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 547.
47 World Bank, “Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza,” Report No. 22312-GZ, June 18, 2001.
48 The construction of new settlements violated Art. 31 of the Oslo II accords, which stipulated: “Neither side shall initiate or take any step that will change the status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip pending the outcome of the permanent status negotiations.”
49 B’tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, “Land Grab: Israel’s Settlement Policy in the West Bank,” May 2002, p. 8.
50 Ibid., pp. 433–444.
51 Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 35.
Epilogue
1 Osama bin Ladin’s television statement was broadcast on al-Jazeera television on October 7, 2001. An English transcription of his statement is posted on the BBC website, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1585636.stm.
2 Israeli statistics reproduced from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism.
3 All statistics relating to administrative detention, house demolition, and the Separation Barrier can be found on the B’Tselem website, http://www.btselem.org/english/list_of_Topics.asp.
4 “Bridging the Dangerous Gap Between the West and the Muslim World,” remarks prepared for delivery by Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz at the World Affairs Council, Monterey, CA, May 3, 2002.
5 Secretary Colin L. Powell, “The U.S.–Middle East Partnership Initiative: Building Hope for the Years Ahead,” lecture delivered to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 2002.
6 White House spokesman Gordon Johndroe, quoted in the Guardian, December 27, 2008.
Index
Abbas, Ferhat Abbas Pasha Abd al-Qadir, Amir. See Jaza’iri, Amir Abd al-Qadir al- Abd el-Krim. See Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al- Abdullah, King Abdullah II of Jordan Abdulmecid I (Ottoman sultan) Abouzeid, Leila, Year of the Elephant Abu Jihad (Khalil al Wazir), PLO official Abu Nidal Group Acheson, Dean Afghani, al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al- Afghanistan ’Aflaq, Michel Africa. See under individual countries Agha, Sulayman (Colonel Sиves) Ahmad Bey of Tunis Ahmad Pasha (Ottoman governor of Damascus) Ahmad Pasha (Ottoman governor of Egypt) Aida (Verdi) Al-Ahram newspaper Alami, Musa, Ibrat Filastin Alawites Al-Azhar (mosque university) Albanians Aleppo conquered by Muhammad ’Ali under Ottoman rule Alexandria, Egypt Algeciras Conference, January 1906 Algeria assimilation movement centenary of French colonization fly swatter incident under French colonialism Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) native conscription oil production under Ottoman rule piracy Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) Algerian resistance movement Algerian revolution Battle of Algiers settlers’ movement Algerian workers, in France ’Ali Bey al-Kabir, Mamluk ruler of Egypt Amer, Field Marshal Abd al- Hakim American University in Cairo American University of Beirut Amin, Ahmad radicalized Amin, Qasim The Liberation of Women Anas, Abdullah Anatolia Andrews, L. Y. Anglo-Egyptian Evacuation Agreement, 1954 Anglo-French Declaration of November 1918 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 1924 Anglo-Ottoman Convention for suppression of slave trade, 1880 An-Nahar Aoun, General Michel Arab culture cultural diversity Islam in Arab Higher Committee, Palestine Arab Human Development Report Arab-Israeli Wars 1948 War 1956 War (Suez Crisis, Tripartite Aggression) 1967 War (Six Day War) 1973 War (Ramadan War, Yom Kippur War) War of Attrition Arab League divisions within representatives, at Sadat’s funeral Arab Liberation Army (ALA), 1947–1948 unpreparedness Arab malaise Arab nationalism books on decline of era before in First World War post-World War I rise of Arab Revolt, 1916–1918 Arab Union, 1958 Arab Women’s Association, Palestine Arabian Peninsula Arabists. See Arab nationalism Arafat, Yasser addresses United Nations, 1974 assassination attempts and Intifada leaves Beirut, 1982 Oslo Accords Aramco (oil consortium) ’Arif, Colonel Abd al-Salam Asad, Bashar al- Aswan High Dam, Nile River Austro-Hungarian Empire Avnery, Uri Aya Sofia Mosque ’Ayn Dara, battle of Azm, As’ad Pasha al- Azm, Khalid al- Azm family Azm Palace Azm, Sulayman Pasha al- ’Azzam, Shaykh Abdullah