5 Anwar el-Sadat, In Search of Identity (London: Collins, 1978), pp. 100–101.

6 Khaled Mohi El Din, Memories of a Revolution: Egypt 1952 (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1995), pp. 41–52.

7 Ibid., p. 81.

8 Naguib, Egypt’s Destiny, p. 110.

9 Ibid., pp. 112–113.

10 Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 107, notes he was at the cinema when the coup began; Mohi El Din, Memories of a Revolution, notes the fight and police report.

11 Mohi El Din, Memories of a Revolution, pp. 103–104.

12 El Saadawi, Walking Through Fire, p. 51.

13 Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 121.

14 Naguib, Egypt’s Destiny, pp. 139–140.

15 Ibid., p. 148.

16 Alan Richards, Egypt’s Agricultural Development, 1800–1980 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982), p. 178.

17 El Saadawi, Walking Through Fire, pp. 53–54.

18 Charles Issawi, An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), table A.3, p. 231.

19 Figures in Naguib, Egypt’s Destiny, p. 168.

20 Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 149.

21 Joel Gordon, Nasser’s Blessed Movement: Egypt’s Free Officers and the July Revolution (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 179.

22 Mohamed Heikal, Nasser: The Cairo Documents (London: New English Library, 1972), p. 51.

23 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 112.

24 Hassan II, The Challenge (London, 1978), p. 31, cited in C. R. Pennell, Morocco Since 1830: A History (London: Hurst, 2000), p. 263.

25 Leila Abouzeid, Year of the Elephant: A Moroccan Woman’s Journey Toward Independence (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), pp. 20–21. Abouzeid first published her novel in Arabic in the early 1980s.

26 Ibid., pp. 36–38. In the preface of her English translation she wrote: “The main events and characters throughout the whole collection are real. I have not created these stories. I have simply told them as they are. And, Morocco is full of untold stories.”

27 Ibid., pp. 49–50.

28 John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 2005), p. 163.

29 Heikal, The Cairo Documents, pp. 57–63.

30 Motti Golani, “The Historical Place of the Czech-Egyptian Arms Deal, Fall 1995,” Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1995): 803–827.

31 Heikal, The Cairo Documents, p. 68.

32 Ibid., p. 74.

33 Ezzet Adel, quoted by the BBC, “The Day Nasser Nationalized the Canal,” July 21, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5168698.stm.

34 Heikal, The Cairo Documents, pp. 92–95.

35 Quoted in Shlaim, The Iron Wall, p. 166.

36 Heikal, The Cairo Documents, p. 107.

37 For details of the CIA coup plot see Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980).

38 El Saadawi, Walking Through Fire, pp. 89–99. The casualty figure is from Heikal, Cairo Documents, p. 115.

39 Heikal, Cairo Documents, p. 118.

40 Abdullah Sennawi, quoted by Laura James, “Whose Voice? Nasser, the Arabs, and ‘Sawt al-Arab’ Radio,” Transnational Broadcasting Studies 16 (2006), http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html.

41 Youmna Asseily and Ahmad Asfahani, eds., A Face in the Crowd: The Secret Papers of Emir Farid Chehab, 1942–1972 (London: Stacey International, 2007), p. 166.

42 Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 307.

43 Khalid al-Azm, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Khalid al-Azm, vol. 3 (Beirut: Dar al-Muttahida, 1972), pp. 125–126.

44 Ibid., pp. 127–128.

45 Seale, The Struggle for Syria, p. 323.

46 Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace (London: Allen Lane, 2007), pp. 129–152; Lawrence Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 1955–1967 (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 2002), pp. 43–53.

47 Eveland, Ropes of Sand, pp. 250–253.

48 Yunis Bahri, Mudhakkirat al-rahala Yunis Bahri fi sijn Abu Ghurayb ma’ rijal al- ‘ahd al-maliki ba’d majzara Qasr al-Rihab ’am 1958 fi’l-‘Iraq [Memoirs of the traveler Yunis Bahri in Abu Ghurayb Prison with the men of the Monarchy era after the 1958 Rihab Palace Massacre in Iraq] (Beirut: Dar al-Arabiyya li’l-Mawsu’at, 2005), p. 17.

49 This account was told to Yunis Bahri by an eyewitness while both were in prison in Abu Ghurayb. Bahri, Mudhakkirat, pp. 131–134.

50 Ibid., pp. 136–138.

51 Camille Chamoun, La Crise au Moyen Orient (Paris, 1963), p. 423, cited in Irene L. Gendzier, Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 297–298.

52 Heikal, Cairo Documents, p. 131.

Chapter 11

1 Quoted by Malcolm Kerr, The Arab Cold War: Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 21.

2 Mohamed Heikal, Nasser: The Cairo Documents (London: New English Library, 1972), p. 187.

3 Mouloud Feraoun, Journal 1955–1962 (Paris: Йditions du Seuil, 1962), p. 156.

4 Ibid., pp. 151–152.

5 The story was told by Zohra Drif, another woman veteran of the Battle of Algiers, in Daniиle Djamila Amrane-Minne, Des Femmes dans la guerre d’Algйrie [Women in the Algerian War] (Paris: Karthala, 1994), p. 139.

6 Georges Arnaud and Jacques Vergиs, Pour [For] Djamila Bouhired (Paris: Minuit, 1961), p. 10. Djamila Bouhired was the subject of a feature film by Egyptian filmmaker Youssef Chahine.

7 Amrane-Minne, Femmes dans la guerre d’Algйrie, pp. 134–135.

8 Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962 (New York: New York Review Books, 2006), p. 151.

9 The controversy in France surrounding the use of torture in Algeria was reawakened with the publication in 2001 of General Paul Aussaresses’ memoirs of the Battle of Algiers in which he openly acknowledged the extent of torture. The book was published in English under the title The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957 (New York: Enigma, 2002).

10 Horne, Savage War of Peace, p. 282.

11 Feraoun, Journal, p. 274.

12 Ibid., pp. 345–346.

13 Amrane-Minne, Femmes dans la guerre d’Algйrie, pp. 319–320.

14 Anouar Abdel-Malek, Egypt: Military Society (New York: Random House, 1968), p. 287.

15 Quoted in Laura M. James, Nasser at War: Arab Images of the Enemy (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2006), p. 56.

16 “There is no doubt that northern tribesmen . . . were listening regularly to Cairo by the mid-1950s.” Paul Dresch, A History of Modern Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 77.

17 Ibid., p. 86.

18 Quoted in Mohamed Abdel Ghani El-Gamasy, The October War: Memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1993), p. 18.

19 Heikal, Cairo Documents, p. 217.

20 Gamasy, The October War, p. 28.

21 Anwar el-Sadat, In Search of Identity (London: Collins, 1978), p. 172.

22 Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 239.

23 Cited in Gamasy, The October War, p. 53.