Jobs and Wozniak: © DB Apple/dpa/Corbis

Jobs screenshot: YouTube

Stallman: Sam Ogden

Torvalds: © Jim Sugar/Corbis

Brand and Brilliant: © Winni Wintermeyer

Von Meister: The Washington Post/Getty Images

Case: Courtesy of Steve Case

Berners-Lee: CERN

Andreessen: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis

Hall and Rheingold: Courtesy of Justin Hall

Bricklin and Williams: Don Bulens

Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons

Brin and Page: Associated Press

Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Vitruvian Man: © The Gallery Collection/Corbis

TIMELINE CREDITS (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)

Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Hollerith: Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons

Bush (first image): © Bettmann/Corbis

Vacuum tube: Ted Kinsman/Science Source

Turing: Wikimedia Commons/Original at the Archives Centre, King’s College, Cambridge

Shannon: Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109

Atanasoff: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University

Bletchley Park: Draco2008 via Wikimedia Commons

Zuse: Courtesy of Horst Zuse

Mauchly: Apic/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University

Colossus: Bletchley Park Trust/SSPL via Getty Images

Harvard Mark I: Harvard University

Von Neumann: © Bettmann/Corbis

ENIAC: U.S. Army photo

Bush (second image): © Corbis

Transistor invention at Bell Labs: Lucent Technologies/Agence France-Presse/Newscom

Hopper: Defense Visual Information Center

UNIVAC: U.S. Census Bureau

Regency radio: © Mark Richards/CHM

Shockley: Emilio Segrè Visual Archives / American Institute of Physics / Science Source

Fairchild Semiconductor: © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos

Sputnik: NASA

Kilby: Fritz Goro/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

Licklider: MIT Museum

Baran: Courtesy of RAND Corp.

Spacewar: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum

First mouse: SRI International

Kesey: © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis

Moore: Intel Corporation

Brand: © Bill Young/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis

Taylor: Courtesy of Bob Taylor

Larry Roberts: Courtesy of Larry Roberts

Noyce, Moore, Grove: Intel Corporation

Whole Earth Catalog cover: Whole Earth Catalog

Engelbart: SRI International

ARPANET nodes: Courtesy of Raytheon BBN Technologies

4004: Intel Corporation

Tomlinson: Courtesy of Raytheon BBN Technologies

Bushnell: © Ed Kashi/VII/Corbis

Kay: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum

Community Memory: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum

Cerf and Kahn: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis

Popular Mechanics cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum

Gates and Allen: Bruce Burgess, courtesy of Lakeside School, Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Fredrica Rice

Apple I: Ed Uthman

Apple II: © Mark Richards/CHM

IBM PC: IBM/Science Source

Gates with Windows disc: © Deborah Feingold/Corbis

Stallman: Sam Ogden

Jobs with Macintosh: Diana Walker/Contour By Getty Images

WELL logo: Image courtesy of The WELL at www.well.com. The logo is a registered trademark of the Well Group Incorporated.

Torvalds: © Jim Sugar/Corbis

Berners-Lee: CERN

Andreessen: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis

Case: Courtesy of Steve Case

Hall: Courtesy of Justin Hall

Kasparov: Associated Press

Brin and Page: Associated Press

Williams: Courtesy of Ev Williams

Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons

IBM Watson: Ben Hider/Getty Images

INDEX

Abbate, Janet, 251

Aberdeen Proving Ground, 38, 72, 73, 97–98, 104, 105

Abound, 395

Acid Tests, 269

acoustic delay line, 101

“Action Office” console, 280

Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 6, 7–18, 446, 493

in affair with tutor, 13, 15

algorithms worked out by, 27–29

Analytical Engine business plan of, 30–32

Analytical Engine potential seen by, 24

Babbage requested to be tutor of, 16–17

Babbage’s first meeting with, 7–8

at Babbage’s salons, 15, 18

Bernoulli numbers computed by, 25, 27–29, 31, 45, 107

on “Combining Faculty,” 23

on connection between poetry and analysis, 7, 9, 17–18, 24, 33, 467, 486, 487

as doubtful about thinking machines, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478

on general purpose machines, 26–27, 33, 39, 46, 87, 276, 467

illnesses of, 16, 31, 32

marriage of, 15

“Notes” of, 24–30, 33, 93, 122, 480

opiates taken by, 17, 31, 32

programming explored by, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 107, 108, 478

on subroutines, 28, 93

temperament and mood swings of, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 31

tutored in math, 7, 13–14, 16–17

Ada (programming language), 33

Adafruit Industries, 303n

Adams, John, 481

Adams, Samuel, 481

Adams, Sherman, 228–29

Adcock, Willis, 173–74

advertising, 285, 301, 419, 420, 463

Age of Wonder, The (Holmes), 9

Aiken, Howard, 2, 69, 75, 81, 88, 89, 105, 119, 329, 480

Difference Engine of, 50–52, 86, 90

and operation of Mark I, 92–93

stubborness of, 94

Aiken Lab, 329, 334, 336

Air Force, U.S., 221, 238, 241, 247, 282, 305

Albert, Prince Consort, 23–24

Albrecht, Bob, 297, 304

Alcorn, Al, 211–13, 347

algebra, 14, 26

algorithms, 27–29

Allen, Paul, 312, 313, 314, 317, 330–31, 332, 347, 358–59, 367, 416

BASIC for Altair designed by, 332–36, 337

8008 language written by, 325–27

electronic grid work of, 327–28

Gates’s disputes with, 322–23, 328, 338–39, 352, 361

in Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27

PDP-10 work of, 320, 321

“All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” (Brautigan), 267–68, 475

ALOHAnet, 256

Alpert, Dick, 269

Altair, 264, 332, 350

Altair 8800, 309, 310–11, 313

BASIC program for, 332–36, 337, 340–43

exhibition of, 340–41

AltaVista, 227, 436, 459, 462, 463

American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 206

American Physical Society, 165

American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC), 186

America Online (AOL), 395, 399–400, 402, 419, 421, 422

Ames Research Center, 273

Ampex, 208, 211

analog, 56

digital vs., 36–40, 469, 472

Analytical Engine, 21, 22–23, 38, 39, 93, 107, 120, 126, 289, 474

Differences Engine vs., 25–26

Lovelace’s business plan for, 30–32

Lovelace’s views on potential of, 24

Menabrea’s notes on, 24–28

punch cards and, 35, 487

as reprogrammable, 90

Analytical Society, 19

“Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, The” (Brin and Page), 461–62

Anderson, Sean, 460

Andreessen, Marc, 404, 416–17, 421

Android, 381

A-O system, 117

Apollo Guide Computer, 182

Apollo program, 181–82, 257, 280

Apple, 193n, 264, 333n, 352–53, 362–69, 381, 398–99, 434, 483