43 Literally, as he maintained: ‘From that (grief) one moved on; from this in the same way one can move on.’

44 There are long roots beneath the words of The Fellowship of the Ring (I.2): ‘Elves…could now be seen passing westward through the woods in the evening, passing and not returning; but they were leaving Middle-earth and were no longer concerned with its troubles.’ ‘“That isn’t anything new, if you believe the old tales,’” said Ted Sandyman, when Sam Gamgee spoke of the matter.

I append here a synopsis of the structural differences between the three versions of Жlfwine of England.

A: Ж. sails from Belerion and sees ‘islands in the dawn’.

I: As in A

II: As in A, but his companion Жlfheah is named.

A: Ж. sails again with 7 mariners of England. They are shipwrecked on the isle of the Man of the Sea but all survive.

I: Ж. has only 3 companions, and he alone survives the shipwreck.

II: Ж. has 7 companions, and is alone on the isle of the Man of the Sea, believing them drowned.

A: The Man of the Sea helps them to build a ship but does not go with them.

I: The Man of the Sea helps Ж. to build a boat and goes with him.

II: Ж. and the Man of the Sea find a stranded Viking ship and sail away in it together.

A: The Man of the Sea dives into the sea from a cliff-top of his isle.

I: They come to the Isle of the Ythlings. The Man of the Sea dives from a cliff-top. Ж. gets 7 companions from the Ythlings.

II: As in I, but Ж. finds his 7 companions from England, who were not drowned; to them is added Bior of the Ythlings.

A: On their voyages 3 of Ж.’s companions are enchanted in the Magic Isles.

I: As in A, but in this case they are Ythlings.

II: As in A

A: They are blown away from Tol Eressлa after sighting it; Ж. leaps overboard, and the others return home.

I: They are blown away from Tol Eressлa, and all, including Ж., return home.

II: As in A

Changes made to names, and differences in names,

in the texts of Жlfwine of E ngland

Lъthien The name of the land in I and II; in A Luthany (see note 20).

Dйor At the first occurrence only in I Dйor < Heorrenda, subsequently Dйor; A Dйor.

Evadrien In I < Erenol. Erenol = ‘Iron Cliff’ see I.252, entry Eriol. Forodwaith II has Forodwaith < Forwaith < Gwasgonin; I has Gwasgonin or the Winged Helms; A has the Winged Helms.

Outer Land < Outer Lands at both occurrences in II (pp. 316–17).

Жlfheah I has Gelimer (at the first occurrence only < Helgor).

Shipmen of the West In II < Eneathrim.

APPENDIX

NAMES IN THE LOST TALES —PART II

This appendix is designed only as an adjunct and extension to that in Part One. Names that have already been studied in Part One are not given entries in the following notes, if there are entries under that name in Part One, e.g. Melko, Valinor; but if, as is often the case, the etymological information in Part One is contained in an entry under some other name, this is shown, e.g. ‘Gilim See I.260 (Melko)’.

Linguistic information from the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin (see p. 148) incorporated in these notes is referred to ‘NFG’. ‘GL’ and ‘QL’ refer to the Gnomish and Qenya dictionaries (see I. 246ff.). Qenya is the term used in both these books and is strictly the name of the language spoken in Tol Eressлa; it does not appear elsewhere in the early writings, where the distinction is between ‘Gnomish’ on the one hand and ‘Elfin’, ‘Eldar’, or ‘Eldarissa’ on the other.

Alqarбmл For the first element Qenya alqa ‘swan’ see I.249 (Alqaluntл). Under root RAHA QL gives rв ‘arm’, rakta ‘stretch out, reach’, rбma ‘wing’, rбmavoitл ‘having wings’ GL has ram ‘wing, pinion’, and it is noted that Qenya rбma is a confusion of this and a word rуma ‘shoulder’.

Amon Gwareth Under root AM(u) ‘up(wards)’ QL gives amu ‘up(wards)’, amu- ‘raise’, amuntл ‘sunrise’, amun(d) ‘hill’ GL has am ‘up(wards)’, amon ‘hill, mount’, adverb ‘uphill’.

GL gives the name as Amon ’Wareth ‘Hill of Ward’, also gwareth ‘watch, guard, ward’, from the stem gwar-‘watch’ seen also in the name of Tinfang Warble (Gwarbilin ‘Birdward’, I.268). See Glamhoth, Gwarestrin.

Angorodin See I. 249 (Angamandi) and I. 256 (Kalormл).

Arlisgion GL gives Garlisgion (see I.265 (Sirion)), as also does NFG, which has entries ‘Garlisgion was our name, saith Elfrith, for the Place of Reeds which is its interpretation’, and ‘lisg is a reed (liskл)’. GL has lisg, lisc ‘reed, sedge’, and QL liskл with the same meaning. For gar see I. 251 (Dor Faidwen).

Artanor GL has athra ‘across, athwart’, athron adverb ‘further, beyond’, athrod ‘crossing, ford’ (changed later to adr(a), adron, adros). With athra, adr(a) is compared Qenya arta. Cf. also the name Dor Athro (p. 41). It is clear that both Artanor and Dor Athro meant ‘the Land Beyond’. Cf. Sarnathrod.

Asgon An entry in NFG says: ‘Asgon A lake in the “Land of Shadows” Dor Lуmin, by the Elves named Aksan.’

Ausir GL gives avos ‘fortune, wealth, prosperity,’ avosir, Ausir ‘the same (personified)’ also ausin ‘rich’, aus(s)aith or avosaith ‘avarice’. Under root AWA in QL are autл ‘prosperity, wealth; rich’, ausiл; ‘wealth’.

Bablon See p. 214.

Bad Uthwen Gnomish uthwen ‘way out, exit, escape’, see I.251 (Dor Faidwen). The entry in NFG says: ‘Bad Uthwen [emended from Uswen] meaneth but “way of escape” and is in Eldarissa Uswevandл.’ For vandл see I.264 (Qalvanda).

Balcmeg In NFG it is said that Balcmeg ‘was a great fighter among the Orclim (Orqui say the Elves) who fell to the axe of Tuor—’tis in meaning “heart of evil”.’ (For-lim in Orclim see Gondothlim.) The entry for Balrog in NFG says: ‘Bal meaneth evilness, and Balc evil, and Balrog meaneth evil demon.’ GL has balc ‘cruel’: see I.250 (Balrog).

Bansil For the entry in NFG, where this name is translated ‘Fair-gleam’, see p. 214; and for the elements of the name see I.272 (Vбna) and I.265 (Sil).

Belaurin See I.264 (Palъrien).

Belcha See I.260 (Melko). NFG has an entry: ‘Belca Though here [i.e. in the Tale] of overwhelming custom did Bronweg use the elfin names, this was the name aforetime of that evil Ainu.’

Beleg See I. 254 (Haloisi Velikл).

Belegost For the first element see Beleg. GL gives ost ‘enclosure, yard—town’, also oss ‘outer wall, town wall’, osta-‘surround with walls, fortify’, ostor ‘enclosure, circuit of walls’. QL under root OSO has os(t) ‘house, cottage’, osta ‘homestead’, ostar ‘township’, ossa ‘wall and moat’.