Botched communications See, for example, Alan H. Rosenstein and Michelle O’Daniel, “Impact and Implications . . .”

More than two-thirds . . . or patient deaths See, for example, Alan H. Rosenstein and Michelle O’Daniel, “A Survey of the Impact . . .”

63 percent of cases . . . communications failure The Joint Commission, “Sentinel Event Data Root Causes by Event Type 2004–2013,” April 15, 2014.

“the most significant factor . . . communication” Arminee Kazanjian et al.

patients die unnecessarily Ibid.

the mother of a toddler . . . to follow up with him. Lisa Rosetta, “Abuse Protection Sought for Healthcare Workers,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 21, 2009.

“We tried to stop the doctor . . . an advocate for the patient.” David Maxfield et al.

“Failure of MD to listen . . . outcome in newborn.” Alan Rosenstein and Michelle O’Daniel, “Impact and Implications . . .”

“When a nurse reported . . . safety and well-being.” L. L. Veltman, “Disruptive Behavior in Obstetrics: A Hidden Threat to Patient Safety,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196 (2007).

attending surgeons are . . . disruptive behavior. Alan Rosenstein and Michelle O’Daniel, “Impact and Implications . . .”

Doctors and nurses . . . neurologists. Ibid.

The hospital departments most likely Ibid.

three-quarters of doctors . . . affects patient care. Owen MacDonald, “Disruptive Physician Behavior,” American College of Physician Executives.

“despite the best efforts of many . . .” Barry Silbaugh.

“I could teach a monkey . . .” Interview.

Up until the mid-twentieth century . . . wait on him.” Leonard Stein, “The Doctor-Nurse Game,” Archives of General Psychiatry 16 (June 1967).

In 1967 . . . penis envy. Ibid.

“Nurses have spent . . . hate each other?” Rahul Parikh, “Do Doctors and Nurses Hate Each Other?” Salon, May 30, 2011.

“A couple of the nurses . . . got the point.” Interview.

“Female doctors” Interview.

Nurses have continued to battle . . . instructors are nurses. See, for example, Rahul Parikh, Salon.

“Nursing school . . . to be a physician.” Ibid.

Kevin Pho . . . carry that attitude into the workplace.” Kevin Pho, “Theresa Brown Unfairly Blames Doctors for Hospital Bullying,” KevinMD.com (blog), May 7, 2011.

doctor bullies blamed a heavy workload . . .” ACPE survey; see also “Reader Consult: Does the Culture of Medicine Enable Bad Behavior?” WSJ Health (blog), May 25, 2011.

“Surgeons have learned . . . behavior by observation.” Alan H. Rosenstein and Michelle O’Daniel, “Impact and Implications . . .”

“culture of disrespect among healthcare providers” “Intimidation: Practitioners Speak up About this Unresolved Problem (Part I),” ISMP Medication Safety Alert, March 11, 2004.

In October 2014 . . . Ebola from a patient See, for example, Alice Par, “Nurses ‘Infuriated’ by Suggestion of Dallas Ebola Protocol Breach,” Time.com, October 14, 2014.

“Dr. Thomas Frieden . . . breach in protocol.” Rebecca Kaplan, “CDC Chief on Second Ebola Case: There Was a Breach in Protocol,” Face the Nation, cbsnews.com, October 12, 2014.

National Nurses United . . . to an isolation unit See, for example, “Dallas Nurses Accuse Hospital of Sloppy Ebola Protocols,” abcnews.com, October 15, 2014.

protective gear left their necks exposed See, for example, Saeed Ahmed, “Ebola Outbreak: Get Up to Speed with the Latest Developments,” CNN Breaking News, October 14, 2014.

Frieden later said . . . misconstrued. See, for example, “CDC: Nurse not to blame for breach of protocols in Ebola infection.” Nurse.com, Oct. 16, 2014.

“There’s a lot of outrage . . . blame the nurse again.” Nancy Shute, “Nurses Want to Know How Safe Is Safe Enough with Ebola,” npr.org, October 14, 2014.

At Vanderbilt Medical Center in 2013 Kimberly Curth, “Vanderbilt Medical Center to Have Nurses Cleaning Up.” WSMV TV, Nashville, Tennessee, September 6, 2013.

half-and-half “Will Work for Half-and-Half,” Emergiblog (blog), July 14, 2012.

Nearly 40 percent of doctors ACPE study. The Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event Alert, July 9, 2008.

As of 2015 . . . to earn a doctorate. See, for example, Gardiner Harris, “Calling More Nurses ‘Doctor,’ A Title Physicians Begrudge,” The New York Times, October 2, 2011.

Nurse leaders say . . . respect in the medical field. Ibid.

physicians have turned the debate . . . endangers patients. See, for example, Cindy Borgmeyer, “AMA Delegates Oppose DNPs as Medical Team Leaders,” AAFP News Now, June 25, 2008; Amy Lynn Sorrel, “AMA Meeting: Physician Supervision of Nurses Sought in all Practice Agreements,” June 29, 2009.

They argue that . . . confuse patients See, for example, “American College of Physicians Response to the Institute of Medicine’s Report,” Journal of the American College of Physicians, November 1, 2010; Jeremy Olson, “U Program Turns out ‘Doctor Nurses’ but the Name Ruffles Some Doctors,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, June 21, 2008.

an attempt to equate . . . medical training. See, for example, Cindy Borgmeyer, “AMA Delegates Oppose DNPs as Medical Team Leaders,” AAFP News Now, June 25, 2008.

loudly protested the DNP . . . dentists, and podiatrists. “ANA Letter to AMA on HOD Resolution 303 (A-08) Protection of Titles ‘Doctor,’ ‘Resident,’ and ‘Residency.’” Targeted News Service, June 11, 2008. Interview with AMA spokesperson. See also Resolution 232, AMA Resolutions, June 2008.

Eventually . . . physician Interview with AMA spokesperson. See also Resolution 232, AMA Resolutions, June 2008.

Nurse practitioners say . . . the field. See, for example, Mary Anne Dumas, president, National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, “Letter to the Editor,” American Medical News, August 18, 2008.

more time to spend with patients and charge less for their services. “28 States Consider Expanding Nurse Practitioners’ Duties,” American Health Line, April 14, 2010.

“essentially the same” health See, for example, Carla K. Johnson, The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), April 18, 2010. See also “Research from Drs. Linda Aiken, Carole Estabrooks, and Others Have Established a Clear Link Between Higher Levels of Nursing Education and Better Patient Outcomes.” Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Talking Points. American Association of Colleges of Nursing, October 2009.

nineteen states and the District of Columbia Interview with AANP spokesperson. In these areas, NPs can “evaluate patients, diagnose, order and interpret diagnostic tests, initiate and manage treatments—including prescribe medications—under the exclusive licensure authority of the state board of nursing,” according to the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Other states require oversight of NPs.

Nurse-owned practices . . . expected to grow. Peter McMenamin, “In 2011 in Every State Thousands of Medicare F-F-S Beneficiaries Were Treated by an APRN,” ANA NurseSpace, January 2, 2013.

looming physician shortage in the United States by 2020 See, for example, Chen May Yee, “A Doctor and a Nurse, All in One Package,” Star Tribune (Minneapolis), April 27, 2008. See also Samuel Weigley et al. “Doctor shortage could take turn for the worse.” 24/7 Wall St. usatoday.com, October 20, 2012.

“The medical profession . . . in the United States.” Interview.

“code of conduct” . . . managing those behaviors. The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert 40.