. Thucydides,
The Peloponnesian War
3.82.8; see the perspicacious remarks of J. de Romilly in ch. 3 of
The Rise and Fall of States According to Greek Authors
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977).
Chapter 5
1
. Within the forty years covered by this book, Agathocles made himself supreme in Syracuse and then in Sicily as a whole, and nearly defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa. In 304, after finally defeating his rivals, he declared himself king of Syracuse. He died in 289. A little farther north, the Romans were forcing all the northern Italian tribes to submit to their rule. The Greeks of the south would be next.
2
. Plutarch,
Life of Eumenes
7.4–7.
3
. On Philip’s military innovations, see Hammond 1989a, ch. 6.
4
. Polybius,
Histories
5.84.3; for war elephants in the ancient world, see Scullard 1974; Epplett 2007.
5
. For the claim that Egypt was now spear-won land, see DS 18.39.5, 20.76.7.
6
. Schlumberger 1969.
7
. Adea Eurydice’s actions at Triparadeisus are difficult to reconstruct from the conflicting sources; see e.g. Carney 2000, 132–34.
8
. DS 18.39.2. For fuller details of the distribution of satrapies, see DS 18. 39.5–6 and Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.34–8 (= Austin 30).
9
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.34.
Chapter 6
1
. Plutarch,
Life of Eumenes
11.3–5.
2
. DS 19.16.
3
. DS 18.58.2.
4
. DS 18.56.8.
5
. On the Greek cities in the early Hellenistic period, see especially Billows 1990, ch. 6; Billows 2003; Chamoux 2003, ch. 6; Dixon 2007; Gruen 1993; Shipley 2000, 186–207.
6
. Polybius,
Histories
15.24.4.
7
. Many examples in Welles.
8
. Bagnall/Derow 14, dating from 283.
9
. See Chaniotis 2005, 116–17.
10
. McNicoll and Milner 1997, 103.
11
. See Chamoux 2003, 209–10, for discussion of a document from 206
BCE
, showing how hard it was for a small town to pay for building its own defenses.
12
. Austin 54; Bagnall/Derow 13.
Chapter 7
1
. There is a detailed account of Polyperchon’s Megalopolis campaign in DS 18. 70–71.
2
. Plutarch,
On the Fortune of Alexander
338a.
3
. See Murray 2012.
4
. Theophrastus,
Characters
8.6.
5
. e.g. Aristophanes,
Acharnians
628–58,
Frogs
389–90.
6
. Vitruvius,
On Architecture
7.5.2–3; see Pollitt, ch. 9.
7
. Green 1990, 234. The translation of Theocritus that, to my mind, best captures his spirit is that of Robert Wells,
Theocritus: The Idylls
(New York: Carcanet, 1988).
8
. Pliny,
Natural History
34.65.
9
. Aelian,
Miscellany
2.3; Pliny,
Natural History
35.95.
10
. DS 19.11.6; Aelian,
Miscellany
13.36. The lunar crater Ariadaeus is named, or misnamed, after Philip III Arrhidaeus.
11
. More details in DS 19.51.2–5.
12
. The identity of the occupants of Tomb 2 is extremely controversial. I follow the most recent work on the subject, that of Borza and Palagia 2007, but the alternative view, that the tomb’s main occupant was Philip II himself (along with his seventh and last wife), promulgated by the tomb’s original excavator, Andronicos, is still extremely popular, and is naturally enough the default position for tourists. On the hunt painting, see Saatsoglou-Paliadeli 2007.
13
. For some of the later history of the city, see Mark Mazower,
Salonica, City of Ghosts
(London: HarperCollins, 2005).
Chapter 8
1
. The main ancient sources are DS 18.58–63, 73, 19.12–5, 17–32, 34.7–8, 37–44; Plutarch,
Life of Eumenes
13–9. My discussion is indebted above all to Bosworth 2002, ch. 4.
2
. DS 19.12.3–13.5 contains more details of Eumenes’ departure, or escape, from Babylonia.
3
. DS 19.41.1.
4
. Curtius 4.15.7.
5
. DS 19.46.1.
6
. DS 19.48.3.
7
. Details of Chandragupta’s administration may be found in Mookerji 1966/1999.
8
. They are preserved as
FGrH
715.
9
. If it was a drunken rampage. The destruction of the palace may have been an act of policy; archaeology has revealed that the rooms were emptied of their treasures before the fire was set. See e.g. Fredricksmeyer 2000, 145–9.
10
. Phylarchus fr. 12 (
FGrH
81 F 12).
11
. The evidence for Antigonus’s administration of Asia is exiguous. Billows 1990, chs. 7 and 8, has made the most of it.
12
. Arrian,
Anabasis
2.4.8–9; Curtius 4.1.13–14.
Chapter 9
1
. DS 19.56.2.
2
. Ps.-Aristotle,
Oeconomica
1345b–1346a; for the assignation of this passage to Antigonus’s times, see Billows 1990, 289–90; for further discussion of the passage, Aperghis 2004b, 117–35.
3
.
SIG 3
344 = Welles 3, Ager 13, Austin 48.
4
. Theophrastus,
Inquiry into Plants
4.8.4.
5
. DS 19.90.4; see also Appian,
Syrian History
56.
6
. Text at DS 19.61.1–3 = Austin 35.
7
. DS 19.63.2.
8
. DS 19.63.4.
9
. An inscription has survived,
IG
II
2
450, that places Asander in Athens in the winter of 314/313, but whether his visit preceded or followed Prepelaus’s expedition to Caria is uncertain.
Chapter 10
1
. Plutarch,
Life of Demetrius
6.1.
2
. Details of the Nabataean campaign can be found in DS 19.94–100.2.
3
.
The Devil’s Dictionary
(1911), s.v.
4
. Text in Austin 38–9; Bagnall/Derow 6; Harding 132.
5
. Plutarch,
Life of Demetrius
7.3.
6
. AD (Astronomical Diaries) 1–309, obv. 9, available at
http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-diadochi/diadochi_06.html
.
7
. ABC (
Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles
) 10: rev. 23–25, available at
http://www.livius.org/di-dn/diadochi/diadochi_t23.html
.
8
. Plutarch,
Life of Demetrius
19.4
Chapter 11
1
. DS 19.105.4.
2
. As late as 305 in Egypt:
P.Dem. Louvre
2427, 2440.
3
. Plutarch,
On Spinelessness
530d. There has been speculation in the press that the new royal grave discovered at Aegae/Vergina in 2009 is that of Heracles (see e.g.
http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_0_31/08/2009_110269
), but it is far too soon to tell.
4
. “A monument to the rewards of carefully limited ambitions” is Green’s description (quoted in Ellis 1994, 66).
5
. DS 20.37.2.
6
. See Dixon 2007, 173–75.
7
. For more on Cleopatra, see Carney 2000a, and Meeus 2009.
8
. DS 20.106.2–3.
9
. Habicht 1997, 153–54.
10
. Plutarch,
Life of Demetrius
10.3.