3
. This percolation is presented by Curtius (10.6–10) as the physical presence of ordinary troops in the meeting room. None of our other sources for these events (Justin 13.2–4; DS 18.2–3; Arrian,
After Alexander
fr.1.1–8) contains this feature, and I judge it to be a dramatic or distorted way of representing the percolation. Otherwise I have broadly followed Curtius’s account. There are, however, serious difficulties with Curtius and all the sources, not least that, implausibly, none of them has the meeting paying any attention to Arrhidaeus until forced to do so. The extant accounts read more like dramatizations of the main issues than reliable accounts of who proposed what. Other discussions of the Babylon meetings: Atkinson/Yardley 2009; Bosworth 2002, ch. 2; Errington 1970; Meeus 2008; Romm 2011, ch. 2.
4
. Curtius 10.5.4.
5
. Bosworth 1992, 75–9.
6
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.3; for the meaning of the Greek phrase, see Anson 1992, Hammond 1985, and Meeus 2009 a.
7
. Justin 13.4.4.
8
. Errington 1970.
9
. For full details, see DS 18.3; Curtius 10.1–4; Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.5–8; Dexippus fr. 1; with Appendix 2 in Heckel 1988.
10
. On the preserved Argead tombs at Vergina, the modern village near the site of ancient Aegae, see especially Andronicos, tempered by Borza 1990, 253–66, and by Borza/Palagia 2007.
11
. Carney,
Olympias
, 61.
Chapter 3
1
. R. G. Kent,
Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon
(2nd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 151–2. Alternatively:
http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/XPh.html
.
2
. Curtius 9.7.11.
3
. DS 18.7.1.
4
. DS 18.7.2.
5
. See especially Billows 1990, 292–305; Billows 1995, 146–82; Briant 1978/1982; Fraser 1996. For the general connection between empire building and mass migration, see Pagden 2001.
6
. See Lecuyot in Cribb and Herrmann 2007, 155–62. For the city’s history, see Holt 1999. The site has apparently been pillaged and badly damaged by the Taliban in recent years.
7
. The inscription is Burstein 49; it can also be found at Holt 1999, 175.
8
. The guild is first heard of in an inscription of 287
BCE
, but as an already well-established organization:
IG
II
2
1132.
9
. Holt 1999, 44.
10
. Robertson 1993, 73.
11
. On Pytheas, see B. Cunliffe,
The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek
(New York: Penguin Books, 2003).
12
.
Koin
was such an important feature of the new world that the scholarly term “Hellenistic” for the entire period from Alexander’s death in 323 until the death of the last of the Macedonian rulers in 30
BCE
is derived from the Greek verb meaning “to speak Greek.”
13
. The few fragments of Manetho have been collected as
FGrH
609, those of Berossus as
FGrH
680. On both historians, see J. Dillery, “Greek Historians of the Near East: Clio’s ‘Other’ Sons,” in J. Marincola (ed.),
A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography
, vol. 1 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), 221–30.
14
. Main literary sources for the Lamian War: DS 18.8–18; Plutarch,
Life of Phocion
23–9,
Life of Demosthenes
27–31; Hyperides 6 (
Funeral Speech
).
15
. The evidence for this incident is difficult to interpret: see Carney 2006, 67–8.
16
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 12 (cf. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
8.2).
17
. Hyperides 6 (
Funeral Speech
).
18
. Plutarch,
Life of Demosthenes
30.5.
19
. The historian Polybius’s description of mercenaries at 13.6.4. See also Niccolò Machiavelli,
The Prince
, ch. 12 : “Such troops are disunited, ambitious, insubordinate, treacherous, insolent among friends, cowardly before foes, and without fear of God or faith with man” (trans. N. H. Thomson).
20
. Text and discussion of the tablet in Jordan 1980.
21
. On polygamy etc., see Ogden 1999.
Chapter 4
1
. e.g. Inarus of Egypt in 454 (Ctesias fr. 14.39 Lenfant); Ariobarzanes in 362 (Harpocration s.v. “Ariobarzanes”).
2
. Pausanias,
Guide to Greece
1.6.3.
3
. We are fortunate to have the text of the revised constitution:
SEG
9.1, translated as Austin 29 and Harding 126. Cyrenaica did not entirely shake off its political troubles, but it stayed in Ptolemaic hands until the Romans took it over in 96
BCE
.
4
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.22–3; Polyaenus,
Stratagems
8.60.
5
. Bosworth 1993, 425.
6
. This is a much-discussed episode of Alexander’s life. See e.g. Cartledge 2004, 265–70; Lane Fox 1973, 200–18. Texts in Heckel/Yardley, 217–22.
7
. Full description at DS 18.26–27. See Miller 1986 for discussion of the catafalque, and Erskine 2002 for the whole episode.
8
. DS 18.27.4.
9
. Aelian,
Miscellany
12.64.
10
. On Alexandria’s Alexander artwork, see Stewart 1993, Index s.v. “Alexandria.”
11
. A particularly good study of Ptolemy’s quest for legitimacy is Bingen 2007, ch. 1.
12
. Eumenes’ dream: DS 18.60.4–6; Seleucus’s dream: DS 19.90.4; Seleucus and Apollo: Justin 15.4.2–6.
13
. What little remains of his history is collected as
FGrH
138.
14
. Craterus’s monument: Plutarch,
Life of Alexander
40.5; the inscribed base of the bronze group has been preserved:
Fouilles de Delphes
3.4.2, no. 137. Craterus’s pretensions: Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 19. Leonnatus’s pretensions: Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 12 (cf. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
8.2). On the Mosaic, see Stewart 1993 130–50. On Alcetas’s tomb, Stewart 1993, 312. On the topic of legitimation in general, Meeus 2009 c.
15
. On Alexander’s postmortem influence, see also Errington 1976; Goukowsky 1978/1981; Lianou 2010; Meeus 2009 c; Stewart 1993.
16
. The starting point for further discussion is Cartledge 2000.
17
. J. K. Davies in Walbank et al.1984, 306.
18
. Plutarch tells the most famous story at
Life of Alexander
14.2–5. The complete texts can be found at
SSR
V B 31–49.
19
.
SSR
V H 70.
20
. Diogenes Laertius,
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
10.119; Epicurus,
Vatican Sayings
58.
21
. Posidippus 63 Austin/Bastianini.
22
. Posidippus 55 Austin/Bastianini; translation by Kathryn Gutzwiller.
23
.
Palatine Anthology
12.46; translation by Kathryn Gutzwiller.
24
. On the education of women in the Hellenistic period, see Pomeroy 1977.
25
. Women as benefactors: Burstein 45. Women holding public office: H. W. Pleket,
Epigraphica
, vol. 2:
Texts on the Social History of the Greek World
(Leiden: Brill, 1969), nos. 2, 5, 170. Women signing their own marriage contracts:
P.Tebt.
104.
26