2 Major fires struck Hamburg in 1284, 1684, 1842 and 1943. See ibid., pp. 38, 170, 393–406, 545. For the Great Fire of 1842, see also Hans Brunswig, Feuersturm über Hamburg(Stuttgart, 2003), pp. 129–34.

3 While the Hanseatic League was based around western Germany and the Baltic, it also had offices in cities as far away as Bruges, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Staveren, London, Bergen and Novgorod. See Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, pp. 45–8.

4 For descriptions of these three fires, see ibid., pp. 38, 170 and 545.

5 See Anna Brenken, Hamburg:Metropole an Alster und Elbe(Hamburg, 2001), p. 24; and Klessman, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 228.

2    The Anglophile City

1 Wilfred Owen, ‘Strange Meeting’. In this poem Owen describes a descent into a subconscious ‘hell’, where a forbidden empathy between the German and British enemies can at last be voiced.

2 Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. Elke Fröhlich (München, 1993), vol. II, 12 August 1943.

3 See Eckard Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg(Hamburg, 2002), pp. 157–8.

4 For a fuller account of the city’s involvement in the Napoleonic Wars, see David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon(London, 2002), vol. II, pp. 133–4; vol. III, pp. 61–2, 90, 142. See also Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, pp. 312–17, 349.

5 Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 414.

6 It was not only the rich who had close ties with Britain. For example, when Hamburg’s dock workers went on strike in 1896 to protest against their shocking working conditions, British-based dock workers sent 30,000 Marks to Hamburg to support them. See ibid, p. 481.

7 For conditions in the slum districts of Hamburg, and also figures on emigration to the United States, see ibid., pp. 442–50.

8 HAPAG were founded in 1847 by August Bolten, and began steam services across the Atlantic in 1856. See Anna Brenken, Hamburg: Metropole an Alster und Elbe(Hamburg, 2001), pp. 68–9.

9 Hamburg’s international airport at Fühlsbuttel became a civil airfield in July 1912. During the First World War it temporarily became the headquarters of the German Army’s Airship Division, before a more permanent station was erected at nearby Nordholz. See Basil Clarke, The History of Airships(London, 1961), pp. 56, 92.

10 The Canadians followed Britain into the war against Germany in 1914, while the United States remained neutral. For a description of Canadian fears that German Americans would attack the Canadian capital at Ottawa, see Lee Kennett, A History of Strategic Bombing(New York, 1982), p. 37.

3    City of Rebellion

1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Samuel Moore (Harmondsworth, 1967), p. 83.

2 For a summary of events in Hamburg during the November 1918 revolution, see the website of the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte at http://www.hamburgmuseum.de. See also Eckart Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, (Hamburg 2002), pp. 535–6.

3 Gerhard Schultze-Pfälzer, Hindenburg:Peace – War – Aftermath(London, 1931), p. 175.

4 General Sir Leslie Hollis, KCB, KBE, Random Reminiscences, typescript memoir, IWM Department of Documents, 86/47/1.

5 See Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 538.

6 See Richard Bessel, Nazism and War(London, 2004), pp. 9–14. See also Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918–1933(Cambridge, Mass., 1952).

7 See Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 538.

8 By the terms of the treaty of Versailles, Hamburg was required to hand over the bulk of its merchant fleet to the Allies as war reparations, and its trading links with overseas countries were suspended. See ibid., p. 559.

4    The Rise of the Nazis

1 Hermann Okraβ, Hamburg bleibt rot(Hamburg, 1934), p. 207.

2 Ibid., p. 202. Okraβ gives a full rendition of the legend of this beer-hall battle, which took place in the Am Stadtpark pub (pp. 201–7). An English translation is available on the German Propaganda Archive website at http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/okrass.htm

3 Eckard Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg(Hamburg, 2002), p. 539.

4 In 1932 the NSDAP had 51 seats, the SPD had 46, and the KPD just 26. See ibid., p. 539.

5 Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1933–1941, trans. Martin Chalmers (London, 1998), p. 6 (10 March 1933).

6 While the Nazis received almost 44 per cent of the vote in the elections of March 1933, the Nazi vote in Hamburg never exceeded 39 per cent. See Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 539.

7 On 1 January 1935 the NSDAP had 46,500 members in Hamburg, or 3.8 per cent of the population. Many more Hamburgers were members of the party’s sub-organizations. See the website of the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte at http://www. hamburgmuseum.de/e/htm–e/textversion/t-20jhd-1-10.html (last viewed 30 March 2005).

8 See Klessmann, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg, p. 587.

9 ‘Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich,’ v.23.3.1933 (RGB 1.IS.173), available at http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns.html

10 See ‘Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War’, by Struan Robertson, at http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//police101.html (last visited 4 August 2006).

11 Wiebke Stammers interview, IWM Sound Archive 9089/07.

12 Ibid.For some examples of such textbooks see the German Propaganda Archive at http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm

13 For more on the persecuted Hamburg jazz and swing movement, see Detlev J. K. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany:Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life(London, 1989), pp. 166–7, 199–201; see also Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs: The German Home Front 1942–45(Lexington, 1986), pp. 17, 52–3.

14 This law was officially named the ‘Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour’, and was passed on 15 September 1935.

15 See Richard Bessel, Nazism and War(London, 2004), pp. 70–71.

16 Klaus Behnken (ed.), Deutschland-Berichte der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (SOPADE) 1934–1940(Frankfurt am Main, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1352ff. See also Detlev J. K. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life(London, 1989), p. 59.

17 In the years after political parties were banned, the Communists and the SPD tried repeatedly to establish underground movements to help the victims of persecution. They were almost invariably found out and destroyed, and many of the members were executed beside the Holstenglacis. See ‘Persecution and resistance in the National Socialist state’ on the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte website.

18 Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, On the Other Side, trans. and ed. Ruth Evans (London, 1979), pp. 27–8.

19 Quoted by Richard Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich(Oxford, 1994), p. 189.

20 See Werner Johe, ‘Im Glanz der Macht: Hitler in Groβ-Hamburg’ in Heinrich Erdmann (ed.), Hamburg und Dresden in Dritten Reich: Bombenkrieg und Kriegsende(Hamburg, 2000), p. 15; and ‘Towards a War Economy’ on the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte website.

21 Along with Altona, Wandsbek and Harburg-Wilhelmsburg came the municipalities of Bergstedt, Billstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Hummelsbüttel, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Lohbrügge, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Wellingsbüttel, Lokstedt, Cranz, Altenwerder, Preussisch-Finkenwerder, Fischbek, Frankop, Gut Moor, Kirchenwerder, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Neuenfeld, Neugraben, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Curslack. Conversely, Hamburg handed over several of its traditional outlying properties to LandPrussia, such as Cuxhaven, which lay sixty miles away at the mouth of the Elbe.