os(t) 'fortress' in Angrenost, Belegost, Formenos, Fornost, Mandos, Nargothrond (from Narog-ost-rond), Os(t)giliaih, Ost-in-Edhil.

palan (Quenya) 'far and wide' in Palantíri, Tar-Palantir.

pel- 'go round, encircle' in Pelargir, Pelóri, and in the Pelennor, the 'fenced land' of Minas Tirith; also in Ephel Brandir, Ephel Dúath (ephel from et-pel 'outer fence').

quen- (quet-) 'say, speak' in Quendi (Calaquendi, Laiquendi, Moriquendi), Quenya, Valaquenta, Quenta Silmarillion. The Sindarin forms have p (or b) for qu; e.g. pedo 'speak' in the inscription on the West-gate of Moria, corresponding to the Quenya stem quet; and Gandalf's words before the gate, lasto beth lammen 'listen to the words of my tongue', where beth 'word' corresponds to Quenya quetta.

ram 'wall' (Quenya ramba) in Andram, Ramdal; also in Rammas Echor, the wall about the Pelennor Fields at Minas Tirith.

ran- 'wander, stray' in Rána, the Moon, and in Mithrandir, Aerandir; also in the river Gilraen in Gondor.

rant 'course' in the river-names Adurant (with adu 'double') and Celebrant ('Silverlode').

ras 'horn' in Barad Nimras, also in Caradhras ('Redhorn') and Methedras ('Last Peak') in the Misty Mountains; plural rais in Ered Nimrais.

rauko 'demon' in Valaraukar; Sindarin raug, rog in Balrog.

ril 'brilliance' in Idril, Silmaril; also in Anduril (the sword of Aragorn) and in mithril (Moria-silver). Idril's name in Quenya form was Itarillë (or Itarildë), from a stem ita- 'sparkle'.

rim 'great number, host' (Quenya rimbл) was commonly used to form collective plurals, as Golodhrim, Mithrim (see the Index), Naugrim, Thangorodrim, etc.

ring 'cold, chill' in Ringil, Ringwil, Himring; also in the river Ringló in Gondor, and in Ringarë, Quenya name of the last month of the year (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D).

ris 'cleave' appears to have blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning (a derivative of the root kir- 'cleave, cut', q.v.); hence Angrist (also Orcrist 'Orc-cleaver', the sword of Thorin Oakenshield), Crissaegrim, Imladris.

roch 'horse' (Quenya rokko) in Rochallor, Rohan (from Rochand 'land of horses'), Rohirrim; also in Roheryn 'horse of the lady' (cf. heru), Aragorn's horse, which was so called because given to him by Arwen (The Return of the King V 2).

rom- A stem used of the sound of trumpets and horns which appears in Oromë and Valaróma; cf. Béma, the name of this Vala in the language of Rohan as translated into Anglo-Saxon in The Lord of the Rings Appendix A (II): Anglo-Saxon bēme 'trumpet'.

romen 'uprising, sunrise, east' (Quenya) in Romenna. The Sindarin words for 'east', rhûn (in Talath Rhunen) and amrûn, were of the same origin.

rond meant a vaulted or arched roof, or a large hall or chamber so roofed; so Nargothrond (see ost), Hadhodrond, Aglarond. It could be applied to the heavens, hence the name Elrond 'star-dome'.

ros 'foam, spindrift, spray' in Celebros, Elros, Rauros; also in Cair Andros, an island in the river Anduin.

ruin 'red flame' (Quenya runya) in Orodruin.

ruth 'anger' in Aranrúth.

sarn '(small) stone' in Sarn Athrad (Sarn Ford on the Brandywine is a half-translation of this); also in Sarn Gebir ('stone-spikes': ceber, plural cebir 'stakes'), rapids in the river Anduin. A derivative is Serni, a river in Gondor.

sereg 'blood' (Quenya serke) in seregon.

sil- (and variant thil-) 'shine (with white or silver light)' in Belthil, Galathilion, Silpion, and in Quenya Isil, Sindarin Ithil, the Moon (whence Isildur, Narsil; Minas Ithil, Ithilien). The Quenya word Silmarilli is said to derive from the name silima that Fëanor gave to the substance from which they were made.

sîr 'river', from root sir- 'flow', in Ossiriand (the first element is from the stem of the numeral 'seven', Quenya otso, Sindarin odo), Sirion; also in Sirannon (the 'Gate-stream' of Moria) and Sirith ('a flowing', as tirith 'watching' from tir), a river in Gondor. With change of s to h in the middle of words it is present in Minhiriath 'between the rivers', the region between the Brandywine and the Greyflood; in Nanduhirion 'vale of dim streams', the Dimrill Dale (see nan[d] and dú), and in Ethir Anduin, the outflow or delta of Anduin (from et-sir).

sûl 'wind' in Amon Sûl, Súlimo; cf. súlimë, Quenya name of the third month of the year (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D).

tal (dal) 'foot' in Celebrindal, and with the meaning 'end' in Ramdal.

talath 'flat lands, plain' in Talath Dirnen, Talath Rhunen.

tar- 'high' (Quenya tára 'lofty'), prefix of the Quenya names of the Númenórean Kings; also in Annatar. Feminine tári 'she that is high, Queen' in Elentári, Kementári. Cf. tarma 'pillar' in Meneltarma.

tathar 'willow'; adjective tathren in Nan-tathren; Quenya tasare in Tasarinan, Nan-tasarion (see Nan-tathren in the Index).

taur 'wood, forest' (Quenya taure) in Tauron, Taur-im-Duinath, Taur-nu-Fuin.

tel- 'finish, end, be last' in Teleri.

thalion 'strong, dauntless' in Cúthalion, Thalion.

thong 'oppression' in Thangorodrim, also in Durthang (a castle in Mordor). Quenya sanga meant 'press, throng', whence Sangahyando 'Throng-cleaver', name of a man in Gondor (The Lord of the Rings Appendix A [I, iv]).

thar- 'athwart, across' in Sarn Athrad, Thargelion; also in Tharbad (from thara-pata 'crossway*) where the ancient road from Arnor and Gondor crossed the Grey-flood.

thaur 'abominable, abhorrent' in Sauron (from Thauron), Gorthaur.

thin(d) 'grey' in Thingol; Quenya sinda in Sindar, Singollo (Sindacollo: collo 'cloak').

thôl 'helm' in Dor Cúarthol, Gorthol.

thon 'pine-tree' in Dorthonion.

thoron 'eagle' in Thorondor (Quenya Sorontar), Cirith Thoronath. The Quenya form is perhaps present in the constellation-name Soronúmë.

til 'point, horn' in Taniquetil, Tilion ('the Horned'); also in Celebdil 'Silvertine', one of the Mountains of Moria.

tin- 'sparkle' (Quenya tinta 'cause to sparkle', tinwe 'spark') in Tintallë; also in tindómë 'starry twilight' (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D), whence tindómerel 'daughter of the twilight', a poetic name for the nightingale (Sindarin Tinúviel). It appears also in Sindarin ithildin 'starmoon', the substance of which the devices on the West-gate of Moria were made.

tir 'watch, watch over' in Minas Tirith, palantíri, Tar-Palantir, Tirion.

tol 'isle' (rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river) in Tol Eressëa, Tol Galen, etc.