E

E=mc² (Bodanis)

Earth: age of; Archaean period; Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska; asteroid craters and impact; atmosphere, creation of; atmosphere and weather; auroras; average species longevity; baked apple theory; birth of; birth of the Moon; conditions for life; cores; cosmic dust, accumulation; crust, early burst theory; Cryogenian age (Snowball Earth); Denver, mystery of; distance from surface to center; earthquakes; extinctions, major and minor; geology of; heat of interior; hydrosphere, see also oceans; ice ages; impact of asteroid or comet; interior of; land bridge theory; life, creation of on; magnetism; magnetism, reversal of; measuring circumference; measuring distance from the Sun; measuring mass or weight; Moon’s distance from, measuring; Moon’s importance; movement of surface,see also plate tectonics; nearest stars; ocean floor; orbit; ozone layer; planets in proximity to; rotation, speed of; shape, controversy over; size; temperature; Van Allen belts; volcanoes

Earth, The (Jeffreys)

earthquakes; commonality of; intraplate quakes; Kobe; Lisbon, Portugal; New Madrid, Missouri; Prince William Sound, Alaska; Richter scale; San Andreas Fault; Tetons; Tokyo; Yellowstone National Park

Earth’s Shifting Crust (Hapgood)

earthworms

Ebbing, Darrell

ebola virus

Eddington, Sir Arthur

Eight Little Piggies (Gould)

Einstein, Albert; cosmological constant; equation, E = mc²; general theory of relativity; grand unified theory; quantum theory and; special theory of relativity

élan vital

electricity, experiments with

electrolysis

electromagnetism

electron; microscope; spin resonance (dating method); thermoluminescence (dating method); Uncertainty Principle

elements: abundance, order of; discovery of; life, necessary for; naming; number of

Elliott, Charles

Ellis, Len

Elwin, Whitwell

encephalitis lethargica

energy: quantum theory and; radioactive decay and mass into energy; special theory of relativity. See also Einstein; Albert; Newton, Isaac

entropy

Erwin, Terry

Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus)

Eternal Frontier (Flannery)

ether

Evans, Robert

Everest, Mount

evolution. See Darwin, Charles; humans; life

Exclusion Principle

Extinct Humans (Tattersall amp; Schwartz)

extinction of species; asteroid or comet impact (impact theory); average lifespan of a species; causes, hypothetical; cooling of Earth and; Cretaceous; Devonian; dinosaurs; human-caused; ice ages and; minor kill-offs; Ordovician; Permian extinction; plate tectonics and; sea creatures; solar flares theory; survivors; Triassic; volcanic eruptions and

F

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel

Fermi, Enrico

Ferris, Timothy

Feynman, Richard

fish, depletion of

Fisher, Osmond

fission

FitzRoy, Robert

Flannery, Tim

fluorescent light

Forbes, Edward

Fornax (constellation)

Fortey, Richard

fossils; Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska; Burgess Shale; Cambrian explosion and; cladistics; conditions that create; evidence for age of the Earth; evolution, lack of evidence for; extinctions, lack of fossil record; gathering, England; Hell Creek, Montana; human, scarcity of; Mantell’s collection; marine; microbes; plate tectonics and; Precambrian (Ediacaran); Smith’s map of British rock strata; trilobites

Fossils and the History of Life (Simpson)

Fowler, W. A.

France: French Royal Academy of Sciences, Peruvian expedition of 1735; Reign of Terror; transits of Venus expeditions

francium

Franklin, Benjamin

Franklin, Rosalind

Fraser, John

Frayn, Michael

fungi; molds

G

galaxies: evolving; Hubble and discovery of; Milky Way; NGC1365; number of; number of stars in; recessional velocity

Gamow, George

Gap in Nature, A (Flannery amp; Schouten)

Gehrels, Tom

Geiger, Hans

Gell-Mann, Murray

Genera of North American Plants (Nuttall)

General Chemistry (Ebbing)

genetics: chromosomes; commonality of human; Darwin and; DNA; genes; hox genes; human genome; Human Genome Project; human proteome; mitochondrial DNA; Mendel, Gregor and; Modern Synthesis; Morgan’s fruit fly experiments; sex drive and replicating. See also DNA; humans

Geological Society (London)

geology; baked apple theory; British popularity of; catastrophism vs. uniformitarianism; convection; dating techniques; drilling through Earth’s crust, attempts; divisions of time in (eras, epochs, periods); Earth’s crust, early burst theory; Earth, interior of; Great Devonian Controversy; fossil evidence; fossils, marine; ice ages; iridium layer; isostasy; kimberlite pipes; KT boundary; Moho discontinuity; Mohole drilling; Neptunists vs. Plutonists; opponents to impact theory; plate tectonics; rocks, oldest; rocks, units of; Smith’s map of British rock strata

giant squid

Gibbs, J. Willard

glass

Glicken, Harry

Godfray, G. H.

Gold, Thomas

Goldilocks effect

Gould, John

Gould, Stephen Jay

gravity; general theory of relativity and; gravitons; measuring the mass of Earth and; Newton and laws of; as weak force

Great Chain of Being

Great Devonian Controversy, The (Rudwick)

Great Spanish Flu epidemic

Greer, Frank

Gregory, J. W.

Gribbin, John and Mary

Groves, Colin

Gutenberg, Beno

Guth, Alan

Guyot, Arnold

H

Habeler, Peter

Hadley, George

Haeckel, Ernst

Haldane, J. B. S.

Haldane, John Scott

Hale-Bopp comet

Hallam, Arthur

Halley, Edmond

Halley’s comet

Hapgood, Charles

Harding, Rosalind

Harrington, Robert

Harrison, John

Hart, Michael

Haughton, Samuel

Hawaii, extinctions on

Hawking, Stephen

Heisenberg, Werner

Helin, Eleanor

helium

Helmholtz, Hermann von

Herschel, William

Hess, Harry

Hessler, Robert

Higgs, Peter

Hildebrand, Alan

Hindenburg

Hipparchus of Nicaea

Historia Generalis Plantarum (Ray)

History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements, The (Krebs)

Holmes, Arthur

Holmyard, E. J.

Hooke, Robert

Hooker, Joseph

How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts (Conard)

Howard, Luke

Hoyle, Fred

Hubble, Edwin; constrant, Ho; Law; Space Telescope

humans: Australopithecus; bacteria and; bacterial infections; bipedalism; brain development and size; cells, number of; classification of; common ancestry of; conception; Cro-Magnon; dehydration; DNA; early, mitochondrial DNA record; early, various bipedal hominids; elements in the body; evolution; fossil record; genetic code; heart; Homo erectus (Java Man); Homo habilis; Homo sapiens; ice ages and; immune response; individual differences in; life, conditions amenable to; Lucy; mineral requirements; multiregional hypothesis; Neandertal man; Neandertal tools; origin of the species; Peking Man; pressure upon, effects of; salt and; search for early humans; Solo People; speech; tool-making by early man; toxicity of metals; Trinil skullcap; Turkana skeletons; viral infections; water, needed for life; water, percentage of

Humboldt, Alexander von

Hutton, Charles

Hutton, James

Huxley, Aldous

Huxley, T. H.

Hyakutake comet,

Hyde, Jack

hydrogen; atomic number; Avogadro’s number; combustion and; identification of; most abundant element; Rozier’s experiment