. . . get most easily See, for example, Jane Hedrick and Stephanie Luck. See also “Substance Use Disorder in Nursing.”

. . . abuse them more often See, for example, A. M. Trinkoff et al., “Workplace Access, Negative Proscriptions, Job Strain, and Substance Use in Registered Nurses,” Journal of Nursing Research (March–April 2000).

Doctors’ substance abuse . . . Ibid.

the nurses’ familiarity . . . the general population. See, for example, A. M. Trinkoff et al.

tend to get sicker . . . See, for example, Blythe Bernhard.

take patients’ doses . . . gave only one. See, for example, Brandi Watters, “Prescription Pill Abuse Surpasses Street Drugs,” Herald Bulletin (Anderson, IN), January 26, 2010; Debra Dunn.

might sign out drugs See, for example, Anne Geggis, “2 Lose Nursing Licenses Over Missing Drugs,” News-Journal (Daytona Beach, FL), April 1, 2006; Debra Dunn,

can steal prescription pads . . . didn’t actually give See, for example, Blythe Bernhard.

or otherwise falsify hospital records See, for example, “Seattle Nurse Pleads Guilty to Unlawful Theft, Diversion of Controlled Substances,” US Fed News, May 19, 2009.

take advantage when coworkers . . . Interviews; See, for example, David C. Shampine, “Nurse Charged with Supporting Her Vicodin Addiction with Forged Electronic Prescriptions,” Watertown Daily Times (NY), June 8, 2012.

ate the gel . . . placebos Robin Stein, “Did Nurse Take Patients’ Painkillers?” St. Petersburg Times (FL) South Pinellas Edition, December 3, 2005.

“Often, it’s our best people” . . . “What to Do When Confronting . . .”

don’t necessarily act immediately See, for example, Jason Blevins, “Addicts in Health Professions Flock to Get Peers’ Help,” Denver Post, July 23, 2009.

“should incorporate prevention . . .” Interview with AACN spokesman.

AACN doesn’t monitor whether schools comply. Interview with AACN spokesman, who said there is too much variability between nursing programs to comment further.

“enables an abusing nurse . . . there was a problem.” Debra Dunn.

license suspension . . . penalties are possible. See, for example, S. Trossman, “Nurses’ Addictions: Finding Alternatives to Discipline,” American Journal of Nursing 103 (September 2003).

again work in healthcare See, for example, “Nurse Gets 3 Years for Drug Tampering.”

Nursing boards are . . . out of the field. Debra Dunn.

“The good news is . . . problem it becomes.” Interview, Al Rundio.

Los Angeles Times and Pro Publica investigation . . . “impose discipline.” Tracy Weber, Charles Ornstein, and Maloy Moore, “Loose Reins on Nurses in Drug Abuse Program,” ProPublica and Los Angeles Times, July 25, 2009.

California eventually imposed stricter rules Tracy Weber, Charles Ornstein, and Maloy Moore, “California Adopts Stricter Rules for Drug Abusers in the Health Industry,” ProPublica, November 20, 2009.

ended an anonymous . . . surgeries. See, for example, Blythe Bernhard.

forty-one have non-disciplinary . . . “Discipline/Continued Competency/Assistive Personnel Practice,” National Council of State Boards of Nursing.

fewer resources than doctors . . . severe professional sanctions. See, for example, M. F. Shaw et al., “Physicians and Nurses with Substance Use Disorders,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 47, no. 5 (2004). Despite the discrepancies between services for nurses and physicians, by focusing on treating a healthcare professional and getting her back to work, these programs at least encourage more people to seek help, rather than to continue to cover up their abuse and put patients at risk by working while under the influence.

“The rate at which nurses . . . representation.” Ibid.

fewer than 1.5 percent of nurses See Cynthia Clark.

140,000 nurses . . . what they’re doing. Interview with Douglas McLellan by Eaves.

compassionately mentioning the topic See, for example, “What to Do When Confronting . . .”

“The best recommendation is . . .” Interview with Julie Rice by Eaves.

“It is every nurse’s responsibility . . .” “ANA Unveils Bill of Rights for RNs,” American Nurses Association, cited in Debra Dunn.

legally responsible to turn in . . . See, for example, Jane Hedrick and Stephanie Luck.

“the nurse becomes [the] nursed.” See Patricia Welch Dittman.

Chapter 8

“Nurses are frequently put” The American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics For Nurses.

“Somewhere along the line” Interview.

“So many things are just simply . . .” Interview.

“on day one new interns . . .” Robert S. Huckman and Jason R. Barro, “Cohort Turnover and Productivity: The July Phenomenon in Teaching Hospitals.” NBER Working Paper Series 11182, National Bureau of Economic Research.

“The July Effect” . . . in August. See, for example, John Q. Young et al., “‘July Effect’: Impact of the Academic Year-End Changeover on Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review,” Annals of Internal Medicine, September 6, 2011.

harms patient care . . . hospital stay. Ibid.; See also Robert S. Huckman.

U.S. death rates . . . 2,750 deaths. Robert S. Huckman.

“spike by 10 percent in July” David P. Phillips and Gwendolyn E. C. Barker, “A July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors: A Possible Effect of New Medical Residents,” Journal of General Internal Medicine (August 2010).

August mortality rates See, for example, Simon Rogers, “Will Patients Really Die This Week Because of New NHS Hospital Doctors?” The Guardian (London), August 1, 2012.

“beyond their capabilities.” Rebecca Smith, “Thousands of Juniors Start Jobs in NHS ‘Killing Season,’” Telegraph (London), August 1, 2012.

in English hospitals . . . previous Wednesday. M. H. Jen et al., “Early In-Hospital Mortality Following Trainee Doctors’ First Day at Work,” PlosOne.org, September 23, 2009.

“Nurses are correcting . . .” Interview.

not the problem here Interviews.

“I have had doctors . . .” Interviews.

25 percent of the hospitals Author correspondence with American Hospital Association spokesperson.

checking the “About Us” page Author correspondence with Association of American Medical Colleges spokesperson.

“My reflex was as if . . .” Interview.

“box shape . . .” Interview.

“tell you the truth.” Interview.

“Sometimes physicians practice . . . but staff knew.” Interviews.

. . . wagered on patients . . . arriving via ambulance. Interviews.

“games of chance . . .” See, for example, R. T. Penson et al.

Different “codes” mean . . . Interviews.

Some hospitals further . . . Interviews.

Mr. Firestone . . . unresponsive patient Interviews.

Ohio’s Cleveland Clinic . . . take it easy. Interview, Rev. Amy Greene. See also, for example, Carolyn Gregoire, “The Amazing Way This Hospital Is Fighting Physician Burnout,” Huffington Post, December 2, 2013; Katie Sullivan, “Hospitals Try Holistic Approach to Treat Docs’ Stress, Burnout,” FierceHealthcare.com, December 3, 2013.

Cleveland Clinic’s healing . . . in times past. Ibid.

Code Brown . . . a break to eat. Interviews.

“Parents call to ask . . .” Interview.

several props . . . down hospital hallways. Interviews.

Plenty of nurses admit . . . “something with poop.” Interviews.

occasionally use larger needles . . . Interviews.