10. List, National System , pp. 366-370.

11. Ibid, p. 73. Earlier theorists on protection against mercantilists were: Alexander Hamilton, 1791; Adam Muller, 1809; Jean-Antoine Chaptal, 1819 and Charles Dupin, 1827, see Paul Bairoch, Economics and World History: Myths and Parodoxes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

12. Ibid, p. 99.

13. Ibid, pp. xxvii-xxviii, 368-69.

14. Ibid, pp. 73-75.

15. Ibid, p. xxv.

16. Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1941), p. 46. See also Michael Barratt Brown, Fair Trade (London: Zed Books, 1993), p. 20.

17. Beard, Economic Interpretation , pp. 46-47, 171, 173.

18. Richard Barnet, The Rockets’ Red Glare: War, Politics and American Presidency (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 40.

19. Philip S. Foner, From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor (New York: International Publishers, 1982), p. 32; Smith, Wealth of Nations, pp. 548-49, Book IV, Chapters VII, VIII; William Appleman Williams, Contours of American History (New York: W.W. Norton amp; Company, 1988), pp. 105-17; Frederic F. Clairmont, The Rise and Fall of Economic Liberalism (Goa India: The Other India Press, 1996), p. 100; James Fallows, “How the World Works,” The Atlantic Monthly. December 1993, p. 42.

20. Williams, Contours of American History , p. 221.

21. Williams, Contours of American History , pp. 192-97, 339-40; List, National System , especially pp. 59-65, 71-89, 92, 342, 421-22; Chapter XI; Herbert Aptheker, The Colonial Era, 2 ed. (New York: International Publishers, 1966), pp. 23-24; Barnet, The Rockets’ Red Glare , pp. 40, 60, 68. [1] 34Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (New York: W.W. Norton amp; Company, 1987), p. 7.

22. “The Three Marketeers,” Time. February 15, 1999, pp. 34-42.

23. Stephen Gill, “The Geopolitics of the Asian Crisis,” Monthly Review (March, 1999), pp. 1-9.

24. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance (New York: verso, 1999), pp. 104-05.

25. J.W. Smith, The World's Wasted Wealth 2, (Santa Maria, CA: The Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), pp. 116, 127, 139. Emphasis added.

26. John Gray, False Dawn (New York: The Free Press, 1998), pp. 210-13, 217-18; see also p. 199.

27. Gowan, The Global Gamble, p. 96, see also pp. 95-138 and Richard C. Longworth, Global Squeeze: The Coming Crisis of First-World Nations (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1999), pp. 225, 243.

28. Gray, False Dawn , pp. 217, 224-25.

29. Smith, Economic Democracy , updated and expanded 2 edition.

30. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (Fairfield, NJ: Auguatus M.Kelley, 1977): Clarence Walworth Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics: A Study of Trade, Land Speculation, and Experiments in Imperialism Culminating in the American Revolution (New York: Russell amp; Russell, 1959); Bairoch, Economics and World History; Correli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: Morrow, 1971); Oscar Theodore Barck, Jr. and Hugh Talmage Lefler, Colonial America, 2 ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1968); Samuel Crowther, America Self-Contained (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran amp; Co., 1933); John M. Dobson, Two Centuries of Tariffs: The Background and Emergence of the U.S. International Trade Commission (Washington DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1976); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Markets: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1965); William J. Gill, Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (New York: Praeger, 1990); John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt (New York: Walker and Co., 1997); Irwin, Against the Tide ; Emory R. Johnson, History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States (Washington DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1915); Richard M. Ketchum, ed., The American Heritage Book of the Revolution (New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1971); Michael Kraus, The United States to 1865 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959); John A. Logan, The Great Conspiracy: Its Origin and History, 1732-1775 (New York: A.R Hart amp; Co., 1886); William MacDonald, ed., Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-1926, 3 ed. (New York: MacMillan, 1926); John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1943); Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commanger, Growth of the American Republic , 5 ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1959); Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, Charles Townsend (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964; Gus Stelzer, The Nightmare of Camelot: An Expose of the Free Trade Trojan Horse (Seattle, Wash.: PB publishing, 1994); Peter D.J. Thomas, The Townshend Duties Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1776-1773 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987); Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg, The Greatest American (New York: G.P. Putman’s and Sons, 1921).