18.“Russian Expert says Iran can make Nuclear Weapons,” Reuters, April 2, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0241192520070402.

19.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

20.Ibid.

21.See, for example, “Expert Sees Threat to Russia from Nuclear Iran,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta(Moscow), August 11, 2005.

22.These countries are: Iran itself; the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates); Yemen; Egypt; Tunisia; Algeria; Morocco; Jordan; and Turkey. See Nuclear Programmes in the Middle East: In the Shadow of Iran(London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2008).

23.See “Algeria Trades Gas for Russian Nuclear Energy,” World Tribune, January 24, 2007, http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/07/front2454125.1611111113.html; see also “Jordan Negotiations Construction of Nuclear Plant,” Yediot Ahronot(Tel Aviv), February 10, 2010, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3847013,00.html.

24.“Report: Arms Sales to Middle East Up 38 Percent,” Voice of America, April 27, 2009, http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-04-27-voa26-68814102.html.

25.See, for example, “Russia Seeks Mideast Arms Sales Boost,” UPI, September 15, 2009, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/09/15/Russia-seeks-Mideast-arms-sales-boost/UPI-89011253044464/.

26.North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Istanbul Summit Communiqué,” Istanbul, June 28, 2004, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2004/p04-096e.htm.

27.Talal Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East: Towards a New Foreign Policy(New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 160.

28.Christopher Harmer, “Backgrounder: Russian Naval Base Tartus,” Institute for the Study of War, July 31, 2012, http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_Russian_NavalBaseTartus.pdf.

29.Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East, 269.

30.Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev, as cited in Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East, 163.

31.Dmitri Trenin, “Why Russia Supports Assad,” New York Times, September 18, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/opinion/why-russia-supports-assad.html.

32.Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Russia Writes off Africa’s Debts,” Itar-TASS, October 18, 2012, http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c39/549344.html.

33.“Syrian Opposition Blames Russia for Suffering,” CBS News, July 11, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57470245/syrian-opposition-blames-russia-for-suffering/.

34.Joe Lauria, “Russia, China Veto Syria Resolution at U.N.,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444097904577536793560681930.html.

35.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

36.Mark N. Katz, “Russia and the Arab Spring,” Middle East Institute, April 3, 2012, http://www.mei.edu/content/russia-and-arab-spring.

37.Ibid.

38.Vladislav Senkovich, “Russia and Libya: What Awaits Us in the Foreseeable Future?” Russian International Affairs Council, February 14, 2012, http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=148.

39.Ibid.

40.“Russia Sells Record $15.2 Billion of Arms in 2012,” RIA Novosti, January 21, 2013, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130121/178925765.html.

41.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

42.Ibid.

43.“Spiritual Sunni Leader Calls Russia ‘Enemy Number One,’” Golos Rossii[Voice of Russia Radio], October 18, 2012, http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_18/Spiritual-Sunni-leader-calls-Russia-enemy-number-one/.

CHAPTER EIGHT

1.U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21 ^stCentury Defense, January 2012, www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf.

2.See, for example, Ilan Berman, “Assessing Iran’s Asia Pivot,” STRATAGEM8, no. 1 (January 2013).

3.V. A. Nikonov et al., “Tihookeanskaya Strategia Rossiyii [Russia’s Pacific Strategy],” Russian National Committee Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, July 2010, http://www.russkiymir.ru/export/sites/default/russkiymir/ru/events/advertisement/docs/Nikonov_080710.pdf.

4.“Toward the Great Ocean, or the New Globalization of Russia,” Valdai Discussion Club Analytical Report, July 2012, 12, http://vid-1.rian.ru/ig/valdai/Toward_great_ocean_eng_short.pdf.

5.Dmitri Trenin, “The End of the EU-Russian Relationship as You Know It,” Valdai Discussion Club, January 8, 2013, http://valdaiclub.com/europe/53400.html.

6.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

7.“Disagreement on Missile Defense may Tell on Russia-NATO Cooperation in Other Areas—Ambassador,” Golos Rosii[Voice of Russia Radio], February 9, 2013, http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_09/Disagreement-on-missile-defencemay-tell-on-Russia-NATO-cooperation-in-other-areas-Ambassador/.

8.See, for example, “Moscow Unimpressed by Changes to US Missile Defense Plans,” RIA-Novosti, March 18, 2013, http://en.ria.ru/world/20130318/180087109.html.

9.See, for example, Finn Maigaard, “A New Direction for EU-Russia Relations?” Foreign Policy Association, February 8, 2012, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/02/08/direction-eu-russian-relations/.

10.“Toward the Great Ocean, or the New Globalization of Russia,” Valdai Discussion Club Analytical Report, July 2012, 23, http://vid-1.rian.ru/ig/valdai/Toward_great_ocean_eng_short.pdf.

11.Ibid., 26.

12.Sergei Karaganov, “Russia’s Asia Strategy,” Russia in Global Affairs, July 2, 2011, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/pubcol/Russias-Asian-Strategy-15254.

13.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 12, 2013.

14.John K. Yi, “Russia and South Korea: Much Ado about Something,” International Policy Digest, October 26, 2011, http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2011/10/26/russia-and-south-korea-much-ado-about-something/.

15.David Herszenhorn, “Russia and Japan in Agreement on Natural Gas Deal,” New York Times, September 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/world/europe/russia-and-japan-move-forward-on-natural-gas-deal.html?_r=0.

16.“Myanmar’s Nuclear Ambitions: Secrets Will Out,” Economist, June 10, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/16321694.

17.Timofei Bordachev and Oleg Barabanov, “Siberia and the Far East as a Path to Russian Modernization,” Valdai Discussion Club, January 23, 2013, http://valdaiclub.com/economy/53980.html.

18.Vladimir Petrovsky, “Russia and ASEAN: 15 Years as Dialogue Partners,” Valdai Discussion Club, July 20, 2011, http://valdaiclub.com/asia/28620.html.

19.Speech by Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov to the IISS Shangri-la Conference, Singapore, June 2011, www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-ladialogue/shangri-la-dialogue-2011/speeches/sixth-plenary-session/sergei-ivanov/.

20.Dmitry Gorenberg, “The Southern Kuril Islands Dispute,” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, no. 226 (September 2012): http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pepm_226_Gorenburg_Sept2012.pdf; see also, “INFOGRAPHIC: History of the Kuril Islands Dispute,” RIA-Novosti, 2012, http://en.rian.ru/infographics/20120907/175820440.html.

21.Ibid.

22.“Russia’s Kuril Islands to Become Investment Heaven,” Golos Rosii[Voice of Russia Radio], May 12, 2012, http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_05_12/74537891/.

23.“China, Russia Call for Efforts in Asia-Pacific Security,” Xinhua (Beijing), September 28, 2010, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/28/content_11361116.htm.

24.Stephen Blank, “A (Multi) Polar Bear? Russia’s Bid for Influence in Asia,” Global Asia, June 2012, http://www.globalasia.org/V7N2_Summer_2012/Stephen_Blank.html.

25.“Russia-China Oil Pipeline Opens,” BBC, January 1, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12103865; “China-Russia Oil Pipeline Records 30 Million Tonnes in Delivery,” Xinhua, January 2, 2013, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/753302.shtml.