^[292] Apocryphal Gospels: accounts of the life of Christ (such as the Gospels of Thomas or James) not accepted as canonical.

^[293]Claude Bernard: French physiologist (1813-78), whose Introductionto the Study of Experimental Medicine defined the basic principles of scientific research.

^[294]de thoughtibus ...: Mitya’s variation on the Latin saying de gustibus nonest disputandum (“there is no arguing over taste”).

^[295] image and likeness: see note 4 to page 239 in section 2.5.4.

^[296]Ah, what acharming little foot . . .: Dostoevsky’s (not Rakitin’s) jesting response to D. D. Minaev’s parody of a poem by Pushkin. Minaev (1835-89) was a poet of civic themes.

^[297] to the uttermost farthing: see Matthew 5:26.

^[298]Alyosha was startled . . .: Katerina Ivanovna suddenly addresses Ivan in the familiar second person singular, indicating greater intimacy than social conventions would have allowed them.

^[299]with obvious coldness: here Ivan suddenly addresses Alyosha in the formal second person plural.

^[300]Ah, Vanka’s gone ....: Vanka is a diminutive of Ivan. The song must unconsciously remind Ivan of his departure on the eve of the catastrophe (see Terras, p. 381).

^[301]Licharda: see note 2 to page 269 in section 2.5.6.

^[302]The Homilies . . .: see note 7 to page 27 in section 1.1.5.

^[303]qui frisait la cinquantaine: “who was pushing fifty.”

^[304]Thomas believed ...: see note 1 to page 26 in section 1.1.5.

^[305]c’est noble ... c’est chivaleresque: “it’s noble, it’s delightful ... it’s chivalrous.”

^[306]I donated ten roubles ... . that is, to a fund to help liberate Slavs under Turkish domination in the Balkans.

^[307]Satan sum ...: the devil adapts a famous line from the Roman playwright Terence (190-159 b.c.): homosum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (“I am a man, nothing human is alien to me”).

^[308] C’est de nouveau, n’est-ce pas?: “That’s something new, isn’t it?”

^[309] the waters above the firmament: see Genesis 1:7.

^[310]Gattsuk ...: A. A. Gattsuk (1832-91) was a Moscow publisher who published a yearly almanac in the 1870s and 1880s.

^[311]great ... beautiful: see note 2 to page 71 in section 1.2.6.

^[312]Lediable n’existe point: “The devil does not exist.”

^[313]and various little vaudevilles ... Khlestakov: the quoted line is spoken by Khlestakov, the impostor-hero of Gogol’s comedy The Inspector-General (1836).

^[314] Je pense donc je suis: “I think, therefore I am,” the well-known phrase of the philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650).

^[315]a certain department .... see note 5 to page 555 in section 4.10.6.

^[316]rejected all ...: the quoted words are spoken by Repetilov in Griboyedov’s Woe from Wit (see note 1 to page 221 in section 2.5.1)

^[317] the ‘mellowing . . .’: a commonplace in the eighteenth-century debate on the progress of civilization.

^[318] the desert fathers ...: first line of a poem by Pushkin (1836) that goes on to paraphrase the fourth-century Prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian, recited in weekday services during the Great Lent.

^[319]the actor Gorbunov: I. F. Gorbunov (1831-96), a personal friend of Dostoevsky, also a writer and talented improvisor.

^[320] Ah, mon père ...: “Ah, father, it is such pleasure for him, and so little trouble for me.” This witticism goes back to an anonymous epigram on the French actress Jeanne-Catherine Gaussain (1711-67).

^[321]greatand beautiful: again, see note 2 to page 71 in section 1.2.6.

^[322] Belinsky: see note 3 to page 555 in section 4.10.6.

^[323]Idid think ...: Dostoevsky plays in this passage on the names of certain decorations and of certain publications: the “Lion and Sun” was a Persian order, which might be awarded to a Russian serving in the Caucasus; the “North Star” was a Swedish order, but also a Russian radical almanac; “Sinus,” the Dog Star, is also the hero of Voltaire’s Micro-mégas (1752), The devil teases Ivan with being a liberal.

^[324]Mephistopheles . . .: see Goethe, Faust, part 1, lines 1335-36.

^[325] à la Heine: Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), German poet and essayist of irreverent wit.

^[326] Ah, mais c’est bête enfin!: “Ah, but how stupid, really!”

^[327]Luther’sinkstand: it is said that Martin Luther (1483-1546) was tempted by the devil while translating the Bible and threw his inkstand at him.

^[328]Monsieur sait-il ...: “Does the gentleman know what the weather is like? One wouldn’t put a dog outside . . “The first half of a joke, the punch line being: “Yes, but you are not a dog.” The whole joke appears in Dostoevsky’s notebooks of 1876-77.

^[329]Le mot de l’énigme: “the key to the riddle.”

^[330] the doors of heaven open: see Revelation 4:1.

^[331] Herrnhufer or “Moravian Brother”: the Herrnhufers emerged as a religious sect in eighteenth-century Saxony and subsequently spread to Russia. Their beliefs were rooted in the teachings of the fifteenth-century Moravian Brethren.

^[332]Gott der Vater ...: Herzenstube teaches Mitya to say “God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit” in German.

^[333]Bread and circuses!: in Latin, panem etcircenses; bitter words addressed by the poet Juvenal (65?-128 a.d.) to the Romans of the decadent period (Satires 10.81).

^[334]Le diable . . .: see note 10 to page 641 in section 4.11.9.

^[335]then he criedout with a frenzied cry: a Hebraism reminiscent of the cries of those possessed by evil spirits; cf. Acts 8:6-7, Luke 8:28, Matthew 8:29, Mark 9:26.

^[336]”accursed” questions: God versus reason, human destiny, the future of Russia, and so forth; questions that concerned Dostoevsky himself (see Terras, p. 412).

^[337]new open courts . . .: the judicial reform of 1864 introduced public jury trials in Russia.

^[338]least Hamletian question . . .: refers to Hamlet 3.1.78; not a quotation.

^[339]he livedamong us: first line of Pushkin’s poem to the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).

^[340]A great writer ... comparison: the line “Ah, troika . . .” comes from Gogol’s Dead Souls, Sobakevich, Nozdryov, and Chichikov are the grotesque heroes of the novel.

^[341]like to the sun ...: a line from the ode “God” (1784) by the great Russian poet G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816).

^[342]aprèsmoi le déluge: “after me the flood,” attributed to Louis XV, and also to his favorite, the Marquise de Pompadour.

^[343]dark mysticism ... witless chauvinism: criticisms often leveled at Dostoevsky by his opponents, here treated good-humoredly.

^[344]what lies beyond: see note 3 to page 694 in section 4.12.6.

^[345]We’ll close Kronstadt . . .: island and port on the Gulf of Finland; in the nineteenthcentury Russia was a major exporter of wheat.

^[346]strike the heart ... : quotation from Pushkin’s poem ”Reply to Anonymous”(1830).