Arnach, if the above explanation is accepted, is not then related to Arnen. Its origin and source are in that case now lost. It was generally called in Gondor Lossarnach. Loss is Sindarin for ‘snow’, especially fallen and long-lying snow. For what reason this was prefixed to Arnach is unclear. Its upper valleys were renowned for their flowers, and below them there were great orchards, from which at the time of the War of the Ring much of the fruit needed in Minas Tirith still came. Though no mention of this is found in any chronicles—as is often the case with matters of common knowledge—it seems probable that the reference was in fact to the fruit blossom. Expeditions to Lossarnach to see the flowers and trees were frequently made by the people of Minas Tirith. (See index Lossarnach adding III 36,140;{41} Imloth Melui "sweet flower-valley", a place in Arnach). This use of ‘snow' would be specially likely in Sindarin, in which the words for fallen snow and flower were much alike, though different in origin: loss and loth, [the latter] meaning ‘inflorescence, a head of small flowers'. Loth is actually most often used collectively in Sindarin, equivalent to goloth; and a single flower denoted by elloth (er-loth) or lotheg.{42}
With Imloth Melui ‘sweet flower-valley cf Ioreth's mention of "the roses of Imloth Melui", LR:848. Against the Sindarin words loss and loth Tolkien made the following note:
S. loss is a derivative of (G)LOS ‘white'; but loth is from LOT. Sindarin used loss as a noun, but the strengthened form gloss as an adjective ‘(dazzling) white', loth was the only derivative of LOT that it retained, probably because other forms of the stem assumed a phonetic shape that seemed inappropriate, or were confusible with other stems (such as LUT ‘float'): e.g. *lod, *lûd. loth is from a diminutive lotse and probably also from derivative lotta-. Cf. Q. losse ‘snow', lossea ‘snow-white'; and late ‘a flower' (mostly applied to larger single flowers); olóte ‘bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant'; lilótea ‘having many flowers'; lotse ‘a small single flower'; losta ‘to bloom', (t-t in inflexion > st.) Both Quenya and Sindarin retain for ‘snow' only the strengthened loss- since medial s between vowels suffered changes that made them unsuitable or clashed with other stems.{43}
The names of the Beacon hills
The full beacon system, that was still operating in the War of the Ring, can have been no older than the settlement of the Rohirrim in Calenardhon about 500 years before; for its principal function was to warn the Rohirrim that Gondor was in danger or (more rarely) the reverse. How old the names then used were cannot be said. The beacons were set on hills or on the high ends of ridges running out from the mountains, but some were not very notable objects.
The first part of this statement was cited in the section Cirion and Eorl in UT:315 n.35.
This entry is given in full in UT:319 n. 51 (last paragraph).
This entry is given in the same note in Unfinished Tales, but in this case slightly reduced. In the original the passage begins:
Eilenach (better spelt Eilienach). Probably an alien name; not Sindarin, Númenórean, or Common Speech. In true Sindarin eilen could only be derived from *elyen, *alyen, and would normally be written eilien. This and Eilenaer (older name of Halifirien: see that below) are the only names of this group that are certainly pre-Númenórean. They are evidently related. Both were notable features.
The name and parenthetical note on Eilenaer entered here, as alterations to the typescript. Christopher Tolkien writes: "The name Eilenaer does not in fact occur in the account of Halifirien in this essay: my father intended to introduce it, but before he did so he rejected that account in its entirety, as will be seen." At the end of the description of Eilenach and Nardol as given in Unfinished Tales, where it is said that the fire on Nardol could be seen from Halifirien, Tolkien added a note:
The line of beacons from Nardol to Halifirien lay in a shallow curve bending a little southward, so that the three intervening beacons did not cut off the view.
There follow statements concerning Erelas and Calenhad, elements of which were used in the index to Unfinished Tales.
Erelas was a small beacon, as also was Calenhad. These were not always lit; their lighting as in The Lord of the Rings was a signal of great urgency. Erelas is Sindarin in style, but has no suitable meaning in that language. It was a green hill without trees, so that neither er- ‘single' nor las(s) ‘leaf seem applicable.
Calenhad was similar but rather larger and higher. Galen was the usual word in Sindarin for ‘green' (its older sense was ‘bright', Q. kalina). -had appears to be for sad (with usual mutation in combinations); if not misspelt this is from SAT ‘space, place, sc. a limited area naturally or artificially defined' (also applied to recognized periods or divisions of time), ‘divide, mark off', seen in S. sad ‘a limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot', etc. (also sant ‘a garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership, whether enclosed or not'; said ‘private, separate, not common, excluded'; seidia- ‘set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner'); Q. satì- verb, with sense of S. seidia- (< satya-); [Q. adj.] satya [with same sense] as S. said; also [Q.] asta a division of the year, ‘month' (sati- was in Quenya applied to time as well as space).{44} Calenhad would thus mean simply ‘green space', applied to the flat turf-covered crown of the hill. But had may stand for S. -hadh (the maps do not use dh, but this is the only case where dh might be involved, except Caradhras which is omitted, and Enedhwaith which is misspelt [?ened].{45} -hadh would then be for sadh (in isolated use sâdh) ‘sward, turf' – base SAD ‘strip, flay, peel off', etc.{46}
Halifirien
The essay ends (unfinished) with a long and notable discussion of the Halifirien; Tolkien's interspersed notes are collected together at the end of this discussion. With this account cf. UT:300-1, 303-5.
Halifirien is a name in the language of Rohan. It was a mountain with easy approach to its summit. Down its northern slopes grew the great wood called in Rohan the Firien Wood. This became dense in lower ground, westward along the Mering Stream and northwards out into the moist plain through which the Stream flowed into the Entwash. The great West Road passed through a long ride or clearing through the wood, to avoid the wet land beyond its eaves. The name Halifirien (modernized in spelling for Háligfirgen) meant Holy Mountain. The older name in Sindarin had been Fornarthan ‘North Beacon';{47} the wood had been called Eryn Fuir ‘North Wood'. The reason for the Rohan name is not now known for certain. The mountain was regarded with reverence by the Rohirrim; but according to their traditions at the time of the War of the Ring that was because it was on its summit that Eorl the Young met Cirion, Steward of Gondor; and there when they had looked forth over the land they fixed the bounds of the realm of Eorl, and Eorl swore to Cirion the Oath of Eorl—"the unbroken oath"—of perpetual friendship and alliance with Gondor. Since in oaths of the greatest solemnity the names of the Valar were invoked (Note 1) — and though the oath was called "the Oath of Eorl" in Rohan it was also called "the Oath of Cirion" (for Gondor was equally pledged to aid Rohan) and he would use solemn terms in his own tongue—this might be sufficient to hallow the spot.
41
I.e., LR:747,846.
42
S. lotheg '(single) flower' is formed from the collective loth- by the addition of a diminutive/singular ending -eg/-ig. Further examples of this ending include N. lhewig 'ear', singular, derived from lhaw ears (of one person)' (V:368 s.v. LAS2-); S. gwanunig ‘one of a pair of twins', from gwanūn ‘a pair of twins’ (XI:367); and S. Nogotheg ‘Dwarflet', from Nogoth ‘dwarf (XI:388, 413 n. 23). Note too N. fileg, pl. filig ‘small bird' (V:381 s.v. PHILIK-). Welsh also has a number of singular nouns derived from a plural form by the addition of a singular ending.
43
In Quenya, primitive medial s between vowels became z and then r, while in Sindarin it became h.
44
The base SAT would appear to explain the Quenya suffix -sta seen in the names of the Númenórean regions Forostar ‘Northlands', Andustar ‘Westlands’, etc. (UT:165). If so, this suffix, like Q. asta ‘month’, is derived from the base with suppression of the sundóma.
45
The words from "and Enedhwaith" to the end of this sentence entered as a handwritten note in the top margin. Cf. XII:328-29 n. 66.
46
Sward originally meant, and can still be used to mean, the skin of the body (esp. hair-covered skin, such as the scalp), or the rind of pork or bacon.
47
Fornarthan ‘North Beacon is probably to be analyzed as for(n)- ‘north’ + *narthan ‘beacon (cf. Forlindon *'North Lindon, LR:map; Fornost ‘Northern Fortress, Norbury', LR:971, UT:439). If so, the putative *narthan may be referred to NAR1- ‘flame, fire (V:374) and to √thăn / thān ‘kindle, set light to' (X:388). Cf. Nardol ‘Fire-hilltop’, also appearing in this essay (UT:319 n. 51).