I am indebted to Andrea Barnett, Laurel Parker, Jennifer Bland, Loren Mooney, Karenn Gobrecht, Deborah Pearlstein, and the late Eleanor York for their able technical assistance; and to Harry Evans, Walter Weintz, Ann Godoff, Kathy Rosenbloom, Andy Carpenter, Martha Schwartz, and Alan MacRobert on the production end. Beth Tondreau is responsible for much of the design elegance on these pages.
On matters of space policy, I have benefited from discussions with other members of the board of directors of The Planetary Society, especially Bruce Murray, Louis Friedman, Norman Augustine, Joe Ryan, and the late Thomas O. Paine. Devoted to the exploration of the Solar System, the search for extraterrestrial life, and international missions by humans to other worlds, it is the organization that most nearly embodies the perspective of the present book.
Those readers interested in more information on this nonprofit organization, the largest space interest group on Earth, may contact:
As is true of every book I’ve written since 1977, I am more grateful than I can say to Ann Druyan for searching criticism and fundamental contributions both on content and style. In the vastness of space and the immensity of time, it is still my joy to share a planet and an epoch with Annie.
References
Planetary Exploration in General
J. Kelly Beatty and Andrew Chaiken, editors, The New Solar System, third edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Eric Chaisson and Steve McMillan, Astronomy Today (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993).
Esther C. Goddard, editor, The Papers of Robert H. Goddard (New York: McGraw Hill, 1970) (three volumes).
Ronald Greeley, Planetary Landscapes, second edition (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1994).
William J. Kaufmann III, Universe, fourth edition (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993).
Harry Y. McSween, Jr., Stardust to Planets (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994).
Ron Miller and William K. Hartmann, The Grand Tour: A Traveler’s Guide to the Solar System, revised edition (New York: Workman, 1993).
David Morrison, Exploring Planetary Worlds (New York: Scientific American Books, 1993).
Bruce C. Murray, journey to the Planets (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989).
Jay M. Pasachoff, Astronomy: From Earth to the Universe (New York: Saunders, 1993).
Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Random House, 1980).
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, The Call of the Cosmos (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960) (English translation).
Chapter 3.
The great demotions
John D. Barron and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
A. Linde, Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Harwood Academy Publishers, 1991).
B. Stewart, “Science or Animism?,” Creation /Evolution, vol. 12, no. 1 (1992), pp. 18 19.
Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory (New York: Vintage Books, 1994).
Chapter 4.
A Universe Not Made for Us
Brian Appleyard, Understanding the Present: Science and the Soul of Modern Man (London: Picador/Pan Books Ltd., 1992). Passages quoted appear, in order, on the following pages: 232, 27, 32, 19, 19, 27, 9, xiv, 137, 112 113, 206, 10, 239, 8, 8.
J. B. Bury, History of the Papacy in the 19th Century (New York: Schocken, 1964). Here, as in many other sources, the 1864 Syllabus is transcribed into its “positive” form (e.g., “Divine revelation is perfect”) rather than as part of a list of condemned errors (“Divine revelation is imperfect”).
Chapter 5.
Is There Intelligent Life on Earth?
Carl Sagan, W. R. Thompson, Robert Carlsson, Donald Gurnett, and Charles Hord, “A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft,” Nature, vol. 365 (1993), pp. 715 721.
Chapter 7.
Among the Moons of Saturn
Jonathan Lunine, “Does Titan Have Oceans?,” American Scientist, vol. 82 (1994), pp. 134 144.
Carl Sagan, W. Reid Thompson, and Bishun N. Khare, “Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 25 (1992), pp. 286 292.
J. William Schopf, Major Events in the History of Life (Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1992).
Chapter 8.
The First New Planet
Bernard Cohen, “G. D. Cassini and the Number of the Planets,” in Nature, Experiment and the Sciences, Trevor Levere and W. R. Shea, editors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1990).
Chapter 9.
An American Ship at the Frontiers of the Solar System
Murmurs of Earth, CD ROM of the Voyager interstellar record, with introduction by Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan (Los Angeles: Warner New Media, 1992), WNM 14022.
Alexander Wolszczan, “Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1257+12,” Science, vol. 264 (1994), pp. 538 542.
Chapter 12.
The Ground Melts
Peter Cattermole, Venus: The Geological Survey (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
Peter Francis, Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Chapter 13.
The Gift of Apollo
Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon (New York: Viking, 1994).
Michael Collins, Liftoff (New York: Grove Press, 1988).
Daniel Deudney, “Forging Missiles into Spaceships,” World Policy Journal, vol. 2, no. 2 (Spring 1985), pp. 271 303.
Harry Hurt, For All Mankind (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988).
Richard S. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon (New York: Quadrangle, 1974).
Walter A. McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
Alan Shepherd, Deke Slayton et al., Moonshot (Atlanta: Hyperion, 1994).
Don E. Wilhelms, To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist’s History or Lunar Exploration (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993).