9. The collection handed down to us is full of references to the events of 699 and 700 and was doubtless published in the latter year; the most recent event, which it mentions, is the prosecution of Vatinius (Aug. 700). The statement of Hieronymus that Catullus died in 697-698 requires therefore to be altered only by a few years. From the circumstance that Vatinius "swears falsely by his consulship", it has been erroneously inferred that the collection did not appear till after the consulate of Vatinius (707); it only follows from it that Vatinius, when the collection appeared, might already reckon on becoming consul in a definite year, for which he had every reason as early as 700; for his name certainly stood on the list of candidates agreed on at Luca (Cicero, Ad. Att. iv. 8 b. 2).

10. The well-known poem of Catullus (numbered as xxix.) was written in 699 or 700 after Caesar's Britannic expedition and before the death of Julia:

Mamurra of Formiae, Caesar's favourite and for a time during the Gallic wars an officer in his army, had, presumably a short time before the composition of this poem, returned to the capital and was in all likelihood then occupied with the building of his much-talked-of marble palace furnished with lavish magnificence on the Caelian hill. The Iberian booty mentioned in the poem must have reference to Caesar's governorship of Further Spain, and Mamurra must even then, as certainly afterwards in Gaul, have been found at Caesar's headquarters; the Pontic booty presumably has reference to the war of Pompeius against Mithradates, especially as according to the hint of the poet it was not merely Caesar that enriched Mamurra. More innocent than this virulent invective, which was bitterly felt by Caesar (Suet. Caes. 73), is another nearly contemporary poem of the same author (xi.) to which we may here refer, because with its pathetic introduction to an anything but pathetic commission it very cleverly quizzes the general staff of the new regents - the Gabiniuses, Antoniuses, and such like, suddenly advanced from the lowest haunts to headquarters. Let it be remembered that it was written at a time when Caesar was fighting on the Rhine and on the Thames, and when the expeditions of Crassus to Parthia and of Gabinius to Egypt were in preparation. The poet, as if he too expected one of the vacant posts from one of the regents, gives to two of his clients their last instructions before departure: Furi et Aureli, comites Catulli, etc.

11. V. VIII. Clodius.

12. In this year the January with 29 and the February with 23 days were followed by the intercalary month with 28, and then by March.

13. Consul signifies "colleague", (i. 318), and a consul who is at the same time proconsul is at once an actual consul and a consul's substitute.

14. II. III. Military Tribunes with Consular Powers.

1. iv. 434.

2. Tigranes was still living in February 698 (Cic. pro Sest. 27, 59); on the other hand Artavasdes was already reigning before 700 (Justin, xlii. 2, 4; Plut. Crass. 49).

3. V. IV. Ptolemaeus in Egypt Recognized, but Expelled by His Subjects.

4. V. IV. Military Pacification of Syria.

5. V. VII. Repulse of the Helvetii, V. VII. Expeditions against the Maritime Cantons.

6. V. VII. Cassivellaunus.

7. V. VII. The Carnutes ff.

8. V. II. Renewal of the War.

9. V. IV. Difficulty with the Parthians.

10. IV. I. War against Aristonicus.

11. V. VII. Insurrection.

12. V. VIII. Humiliation of the Republicans.

13. V. VIII. Changes in the Arrangement of Magistrates and the Jury-System.

14. V. VIII. Humiliation of the Republicans.

15. V. VIII. The Aristocracy Submits ff.

16. V. VIII. Changes in the Arrangement of Magistrates and the Jury-System.

17. V. VIII. The Senate under the Monarchy.

18. V. II. Mutiny of the Soldiers, V. III. Reappearance of Pompeius.

19. V. VII. Alpine Peoples.

20. V. IX. Dictatorship of Pompeius.

21. Homo ingeniosissime nequam (Vellei. ii. 48).

22. V. IX. Debates as to Caesar's Recall.

23. IV. X. The Restoration.

24. V. II. Beginning of the Armenian War.

25. To be distinguished from the consul having the same name of 704; the latter was a cousin, the consul of 705 a brother, of the Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 703.

26. V. IX. Debates ss to Caesar's Recall ff.

27. II. II. Intercession.

1. V. V. Transpadanes.

2. V. V. Transpadanes.

3. A centurion of Caesar's tenth legion, taken prisoner, declared to the commander-in-chief of the enemy that he was ready with ten of his men to make head against the best cohort of the enemy (500 men; Dell. Afric. 45). "In the ancient mode of fighting", to quote the opinion of Napoleon I, "a battle consisted simply of duels; what was only correct in the mouth of that centurion, would be mere boasting in the mouth of the modern soldier". Vivid proofs of the soldierly spirit that pervaded Caesar's army are furnished by the Reports - appended to his Memoirs - respecting the African and the second Spanish wars, of which the former appears to have had as its author an officer of the second rank, while the latter is in every respect a subaltern camp-journal.

4. V. IX. Debates as to Caesar's Recall.

5. IV. IX. Fresh Difficulties with Mithradates.

6. V. IV. The New Relations of the Romans in the East, V. IV. Galatia.

7. V. IV. Ptolemaeus in Egypt Recognized, but Expelled by His Subjects.

8. V. VII. Wars and Revolts There.

9. V. IX. Repulse of the Parthians.

10. V. IX. Counter-Arrangements of Caesar.

11. V. VIII. Settlement of the New Monarchial Rule.

12. V. VIII. Changes in the Arrangement of Magistracies and the Jury-System.

13. This number was specified by Pompeius himself (Caesar, B.C. i. 6), and it agrees with the statement that he lost in Italy about 60 cohorts or 30,000 men, and took 25,000 over to Greece (Caesar, B.C. iii. 10).

14. V. VII. With the Bellovaci.

15. The decree of the senate was passed on the 7th January; on the 18th it had been already for several days known in Rome that Caesar had crossed the boundary (Cic. ad Att. vii. 10; ix. 10, 4); the messenger needed at the very least three days from Rome to Ravenna. According to this the setting out of Caesar falls about the 12th January, which according to the current reduction corresponds to the Julian 24 Nov. 704.