13. IV. VIII. Lucullus and the Fleet on the Asiatic Coast.

14. IV. VIII. Flaccus Arrives in Asia.

15. III. V. Attitude of the Romans, III. VI. The African Expedition of Scipio.

16. That Tigranocerta was situated in the region of Mardln some two days' march to the west of Nisibis, has been proved by the investigation instituted on the spot by Sachau "Ueber die Lage von Tigranokerta", Abh. der Berliner Akademie, 1880), although the more exact fixing of the locality proposed by Sachau is not beyond doubt. On the other hand, his attempt to clear up the campaign of Lucullus encounters the difficulty that, on the route assumed in it, a crossing of the Tigris is in reality out of the question.

17. Cicero (De Imp. Pomp. 9, 23) hardly means any other than one of the rich temples of the province Elymais, whither the predatory expeditions of the Syrian and Parthian kings were regularly directed (Strabo, xvi. 744; Polyb, xxxi. 11. 1 Maccab. 6, etc.), and probably this as the best known; on no account can the allusion be to the temple of Comana or any shrine at all in the kingdom of Pontus.

18. V. II. Preparations of Mithradates, 328, 334.

19. V. II. Invasion of Pontus by Lucullus.

20. V. II. Roman Preparations.

21. V. I. Want of Leaders.

22. V. II. Maritime War.

23. IV. I. Crete.

24. IV. II. The First Sicilian Slave War, IV. IV. Revolts of the Slaves.

25. These enactments gave rise to the conception of robbery as a separate crime, while the older law comprehended robbery under theft.

26. V. II. The Pirates in the Mediterranean.

27. As the line was thirty-five miles long (Sallust, Hist, iv, 19, Dietsch; Plutarch, Crass. 10), it probably passed not from Squillace to Pizzo, but more to the north, somewhere near Castrovillari and Cassano, over the peninsula which is here in a straight line about twenty-seven miles broad.

28. That Crassus was invested with the supreme command in 682, follows from the setting aside of the consuls (Plutarch, Crass. 10); that the winter of 682-683 was spent by the two armies at the Bruttian wall, follows from the "snowy night". (Plut. l. c).

1. IV. X. Assignations to the Soldiers.

2. V. I. Pompeius.

3. IV. X. Abolition of the Gracchan Institutions.

4. V. II. The Insurrection Takes Shape.

5. V. III. Attacks on the Senatorial Tribunals.

6. V. I. Insurrection of Lepidus.

7. IV. X. Co-optation Restored in the Priestly Colleges.

8. V. II. Mutiny of the Soldiers.

9. IV. IV. Marius Commander-in-Chief.

10. The extraordinary magisterial power (pro consule, pro praetore, pro quaestore) might according to Roman state-law originate in three ways. Either it arose out of the principle which held good for the non-urban magistracy, that the office continued up to the appointed legal term, but the official authority up to the arrival of the successor, which was the oldest, simplest, and most frequent case. Or it arose in the way of the appropriate organs - especially the comitia, and in later times also perhaps the senate - nominating a chief magistrate not contemplated in the constitution, who was otherwise on a parity with the ordinary magistrate, but in token of the extraordinary nature of his office designated himself merely "instead of a praetor", or "of a consul". To this class belong also the magistrates nominated in the ordinary way as quaestors, and then extraordinarily furnished with praetorian or even consular official authority (quaestores pro praetore or pro consule); in which quality, for example, Publius Lentulus Marcellinus went in 679 to Cyrene (Sallust, Hist. ii. 39 Dietsch), Gnaeus Piso in 689 to Hither Spain (Sallust, Cat. 19), and Cato in 696 to Cyprus (Vell. ii. 45). Or, lastly, the extraordinary magisterial authority was based on the right of delegation vested in the supreme magistrate. If he left the bounds of his province or otherwise was hindered from administering his office, he was entitled to nominate one of those about him as his substitute, who was then called legatus pro praetore (Sallust, lug. 36, 37, 38), or, if the choice fell on the quaestor, quaestor pro praetore (Sallust, Iug. 103). In like manner he was entitled, if he had no quaestor, to cause the quaestorial duties to be discharged by one of his train, who was then called legatus pro quaestore, a name which is to be met with, perhaps for the first time, on the Macedonian tetradrachms of Sura, lieutenant of the governor of Macedonia, 665-667. But it was contrary to the nature of delegation and therefore according to the older state-law inadmissible, that the supreme magistrate should, without having met with any hindrance in the discharge of his functions, immediately upon his entering on office invest one or more of his subordinates with supreme official authority; and so far the legati pro praetore of the proconsul Pompeius were an innovation, and already similar in kind to those who played so great a part in the times of the Empire.

11. V. III. Attempts to Restore the Tribunician Power.

12. According to the legend king Romulus was torn in pieces by the senators.

13. IV. II. Further Plans of Gracchus.

1. V. III. Senate, Equites, and Populares.

2. V. II. Metellus Subdues Crete.

3. [Literally "twenty German mile"; but the breadth of the island does not seem in reality half so much. - Tr.]

4. V. II. Renewal of the War.

5. Pompeius distributed among his soldiers and officers as presents 384,000,000 sesterces (=16,000 talents, App. Mithr. 116); as the officers received 100,000,000 (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 2, 16) and each of the common soldiers 6000 sesterces (Plin., App.), the army still numbered at its triumph about 40,000 men.

6. V. II. Sieges of the Pontic Cities.

7. V. II. All the Armenian Conquests Pass into the Hands of the Romans.

8. V. II. Syria under Tigranes.

9. V. II. Syria under Tigranes.

10. IV. I. The Jews.

11. V. II. Siege and Battle of Tigranocerta.

12. Thus the Sadducees rejected the doctrine of angels and spirits and the resurrection of the dead. Most of the traditional points of difference between Pharisees and Sadducees relate to subordinate questions of ritual, jurisprudence, and the calendar. It is a characteristic fact, that the victorious Pharisees have introduced those days, on which they definitively obtained the superiority in particular controversies or ejected heretical members from the supreme consistory, into the list of the memorial and festival days of the nation.

13. V. II. All the Armenian Conquests Pass into the Hands of the Romans.