33. These strange "Heliopolites" may, according to the probable opinion which a friend has expressed to me, be accounted for by supposing that the liberated slaves constituted themselves citizens of a town Heliopolis - not otherwise mentioned or perhaps having an existence merely in imagination for the moment - which derived its name from the God of the Sun so highly honoured in Syria.

34. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

35. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

36. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

37. III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War.

38. III. IX. Armenia.

39. From him proceed the coins with the inscription "Shekel Israel", and the date of the "holy Jerusalem", or the "deliverance of Sion". The similar coins with the name of Simon, the prince (Nessi) of Israel, belong not to him, but to Bar-Cochba the leader of the insurgents in the time of Hadrian.

40. III. III. Illyrian Piracy.

41. IV. I. New Organization of Spain.

42. III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War.

1. In 537 the law restricting re-election to the consulship was suspended during the continuance of the war in Italy, that is, down to 551 (p. 14; Liv. xxvii. 6). But after the death of Marcellus in 546 re-elections to the consulship, if we do not include the abdicating consuls of 592, only occurred in the years 547, 554, 560, 579, 585, 586, 591, 596, 599, 602; consequently not oftener in those fifty-six years than, for instance, in the ten years 401-410. Only one of these, and that the very last, took place in violation of the ten years' interval (i. 402); and beyond doubt the singular election of Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 588 and 599 to a third consulship in 602, with the special circumstances of which we are not acquainted, gave occasion to the law prohibiting re-election to the consulship altogether (Liv. Ep. 56); especially as this proposal must have been introduced before 605, seeing that it was supported by Cato (p. 55, Jordan).

2. III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries.

3. III. XI. Festivals.

4. IV. I. General Results.

5. III. XII. Results.

6. I. XIII. Landed Proprietors.

7. It was asserted even then, that the human race in that quarter was pre-eminently fitted for slavery by its especial power of endurance. Plautus (Trin. 542) commends the Syrians: genus quod patientissitmum est hominum.

8. III. XII. Rural Slaves ff., III. XII. Culture of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle.

9. III. XII. Pastoral Husbandry.

10. III. I. The Carthaginian Dominion in Africa.

11. The hybrid Greek name for the workhouse (ergastulum, from ergaszomai, after the analogy of stabulum, operculum) is an indication that this mode of management came to the Romans from a region where the Greek language was used, but at a period when a thorough Hellenic culture was not yet attained.

12. III. VI. Guerilla War in Sicily.

13. III. XII. Falling Off in the Population.

14. IV. I. War against Aristonicus.

15. IV. I. Cilicia.

16. Even now there are not unfrequently found in front of Castrogiovanni, at the point where the ascent is least abrupt, Roman projectiles with the name of the consul of 621: L. Piso L. f. cos.

17. II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws.

18. III. I. Capital and Its Power in Carthage.

19. II. III. Influence of the Extension of the Roman Dominion in Elevating the Farmer-Class.

20. III. XI. Assignations of Land.

21. II. II. Public Land.

22. III. XII. Falling Off of the Population.

23. IV. II. Permanent Criminal Commissions.

24. III. XI. Position of the Governors.

25. III. IX. Death of Scipio.

26. III. XI. Reform of the Centuries.

27. III. VII. Gracchus.

28. IV. I. War against Aristonicus.

29. IV. I. Mancinus.

30. II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws.

31. II. III. Its Influence in Legislation.

32. IV. I. War against Aristonicus.

33. II. III. Attempts at Counter-Revolution.

34. This fact, hitherto only partially known from Cicero (De L. Agr. ii. 31. 82; comp. Liv. xlii. 2, 19), is now more fully established by the fragments of Licinianus, p. 4. The two accounts are to be combined to this effect, that Lentulus ejected the possessors in consideration of a compensatory sum fixed by him, but accomplished nothing with real landowners, as he was not entitled to dispossess them and they would not consent to sell.

35. II. II. Agrarian Law of Spurius Cassius.

36. III. XI. Rise of A City Rabble.

37. III. IX. Nullity of the Comitia.

1. IV. I. War against Aristonicus.

2. IV. II. Ideas of Reform.

3. III. VI. The African Expedition of Scipio.

4. To this occasion belongs his oration contra legem iudiciariam Ti. Gracchi - which we are to understand as referring not, as has been asserted, to a law as to the indicia publica, but to the supplementary law annexed to his agrarian rogation: ut triumviri iudicarent, qua publicus ager, qua privatus esset (Liv. Ep. lviii.; see IV. II. Tribunate of Gracchus above).

5. IV. II. Vote by Ballot.

6. The restriction, that the continuance should only be allowable if there was a want of other qualified candidates (Appian, B. C. i. 21), was not difficult of evasion. The law itself seems not to have belonged to the older regulations (Staatsrecht, i. 473), but to have been introduced for the first time by the Gracchans.

7. Such are the words spoken on the announcement of his projects of law: - "If I were to speak to you and ask of you - seeing that I am of noble descent and have lost my brother on your account, and that there is now no survivor of the descendants of Publius Africanus and Tiberius Gracchus excepting only myself and a boy - to allow me to take rest for the present, in order that our stock may not be extirpated and that an offset of this family may still survive; you would perhaps readily grant me such a request."

8. IV. III. Democratic Agitation under Carbo and Flaccus.

9. III. XII. Results. Competition of Transmarine Corn.

10. III. XII. Prices of Italian Corn.

11. III. XI. Reform of the Centuries.

12. IV. III. The Commission for Distributing the Domains.

13. III. VII. The Romans Maintain A Standing Army in Spain.

14. Thus the statement of Appian (Hisp. 78) that six years' service entitled a man to demand his discharge, may perhaps be reconciled with the better known statement of Polybius (vi. 19), respecting which Marquardt (Handbuch, vi. 381) has formed a correct judgment. The time, at which the two alterations were introduced, cannot be determined further, than that the first was probably in existence as early as 603 (Nitzsch, Gracchen, p. 231), and the second certainly as early as the time of Polybius. That Gracchus reduced the number of the legal years of service, seems to follow from Asconius in Cornel, p. 68; comp. Plutarch, Ti. Gracch. 16; Dio, Fr. 83, 7, Bekk.